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題名:補界人生:補教老師的去留抉擇與補習班經營策略
作者:楊儒晟
作者(外文):YANG, JU-SHENG
校院名稱:東海大學
系所名稱:社會學系
指導教授:劉正
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2022
主題關鍵詞:補習班教師社會流動赫緒曼離開發聲與忠誠調查研究補習文化經營策略Cram School TeachersSocial MobilityAlbert Otto HirschmanExit, Voice and Loyalty (EVL) ModelSurvey ResearchCram CultureBusiness Strategies
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補習教育,一直是臺灣教育文化中的特殊現象。過去研究多忽略對補習班教師的探與對補習班營運情況之理解。本研究從供給端出發,聚焦在補習班老師以及補習班,嘗試與Hirschman之Exit, Voice和Loyalty概念對話,檢視補習班教師的去留抉擇,並試圖探究補習班經營策略。經過多階段的調查研究、深入訪談與田野蹲點,本研究可整理出以下幾項重點。
第一,補習班類型與補習班教師的組成方面:北部有較多的補習班,就類型而言升學文理補習班為數最多、語言才藝次之,證照考試類最少。但是證照考試類與北部平均聘任最多的教師,不論其性別或專/兼任皆然,僅語言才藝類之女性教師較多。我們認為這與女性多為兼任、男性多為專任有所關連。在個人特徵上,年齡平均為42歲、大學學歷居多,且多為專任、任教學科。在專業特質上,不到兩成的教師領有教師證。而工作歷程上,平均年資約15年、待過約3間補習班。可見補習班教師的職涯並不算長,且流動情況高。
第二,對補習班教師而言,性別、婚姻狀態與身份類別在工作經驗與去留抉擇態度上都有明顯差別,而工作經驗和去留抉擇態度之間也存在高度相關。因此,Hirschman的離開、發聲與忠誠的理論架構,頗為符合補習班教師的情況。離開態度越高者,其發聲態度也較高;忠誠則扮演調節去留抉擇的功能,其不僅能強化發聲態度,同時也能降低離開態度。儘管在假設情境下,僅忠誠發揮效用;但再加入工作經驗後,可調節忠誠的影響。
第三,補習班的營運特徵,包括「有彈性的市場最大化」、「沒有門檻的專業化」、以「話事人、班底和情感連帶」作為掩飾內部權力關係的互動模式,以及「域內尊重、跨域合縱」的整體經營方針。同時,我們也看到補習班組織對內部成員,以及對政府或社會環境有更多的能動性展現。若將補習視為對正規教育的出口(exit),那麼補習班組織則扮演著敢於對政府或當前教育制度發聲(voice)的關鍵角色。
Cram Schooling has always been a special phenomenon in Taiwan’s educational culture. Research on cram school teachers and the operation of cram schools has never received much attention. This research focuses on cram teachers and cram schools, tries to empirically investigate Hirschman's concepts of Exit, Voice and Loyalty, to examine the choice of cram teachers to leave and stay, and to explore the management strategies of cram schools. After executing our survey, in-depth interviews, and fieldwork, we may point out the following main findings.
First of all, there are more cram schools in the north, and in terms of types, there are the largest number of cram schools in academic, followed by extra-curriculum, and license certification exams. However, the teachers in the license certification exams class and the northern part are the most employed on average, regardless of their gender or full-time/part-time job. There are more female teachers only in the extra-curriculum class because that women are more part-time and men are more full-time. For personal characteristics, the average age is 42 years old, most of them have university degrees, and most of them are full-time and teaching subjects. Regarding professional characteristics, less than 20% of teachers have a teaching certificate. In terms of work history, the careers of cram school teachers are not long and the turnover rate is high as the tenure is about 15 years and ever stayed in about 3 cram schools, on average.
Secondly, for cram school teachers, there is a high correlation between work experience and Exit/Voice/Loyalty attitudes. Further, their work experiences and attitudes toward Exit/Voice/Loyalty depend on their gender, marital status, and identity categories significantly. Therefore, Hirschman's theoretical framework of exit, voice, and loyalty fits the situation of cram teachers quite well. The higher the attitude of exit, the higher the attitude of voice; and loyalty can not only strengthen the attitude of voice, but also reduce the attitude of exit.
Thirdly, the operating characteristics of cram schools include “maximizing the flexible market”, “specialization without threshold”, “counter teacher, Ban-di, and emotional connection”, and “internal respectation and external integration”. If cram schooling is viewed as an exit to formal education, then the cram schools play the key role to make the voice against the government or the current educational system.
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謝雨生、周孟嫻,2013,〈臺灣青少年及青年補習有效嗎?反事實因果推論的檢驗〉。發表於臺灣青少年成長歷程研究第五次學術研討會。臺北:中央研究院。
謝傳崇,2008,〈補教機構領導風格、組織學習、服務品質、知識管理、創新管理與組織績效關係之研究-結構方程模式之應用〉。論文發表於「補習教育終身學習學術研討會」,臺中:中臺科技大學文教事業經營研究所,民國97年11月15日。
關秉寅,2016,〈同儕補習風氣對國中生學習成就之影響〉。《臺灣社會學刊》60: 99-133。
關秉寅、李敦義,2008,〈補習數學有用嗎?一個「反事實」的分析〉。《臺灣社會學刊》,41: 97-148。


三、網路資訊與其他
中華民國統計資訊網,108年人力運用調查報告。網址:https://reurl.cc/RrEl96
辛啓松,2022年5月20日,〈看準補教業缺快篩 補教協會前理事長透過群組違法兜售試劑〉。取用日期:2022年5月25日。網址:https://reurl.cc/rDX8Vx
TEPS臺灣教育長期追蹤資料庫電子報,2004年10月1日,第十五期〈學生的課後輔導、補習與家教情況調查〉。取用日期:2020年2月10日。網址:http://www.teps.sinica.edu.tw/TEPSNews/TEPS~News_015.pdf
草根影響力文教基金會,2016年5月18日,記者會新聞稿〈兒少才藝學習知多少?〉。取用日期2020年2月10日。網址:https://reurl.cc/55aqNq
高雄市政府教育局,全國短期補習班資訊管理系統。網址:https://bsb.kh.edu.tw
教育部統計處,2016年12月28日,〈國小教育消費支出調查概況〉。取用日期2020年2月10日。網址:https://reurl.cc/2Z3gOr
教育部統計處,教育統計查詢網站。網址:https://stats.moe.gov.tw
劉正,2019,《補習班教師的人口特徵與生涯抉擇:臺灣與南韓的比較研究》。科技部專題研究報告(MOST 108-2410-H-029-047-SS2)。

 
 
 
 
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