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題名:歐盟被遺忘權發展及其影響
作者:徐彪豪
作者(外文):Piao-Hao Hsu
校院名稱:淡江大學
系所名稱:歐洲研究所博士班
指導教授:張兆恬
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2022
主題關鍵詞:歐盟被遺忘權去列表權隱私資料保護網路治理刪除權域外效力Right to Be ForgottenGDPRRTBFEUprivacydata protection lawright to be delistedright to erasureextra-territorial effects
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妳是ig限動上的妳?FB上朋友眼中的妳?還是Dcard版上被討論的你??Linkedin上的你??隔壁班同學、隔壁棟上班族眼中的妳?還是每天下班後面對鏡子、家人的自己??
在手持裝置與網路佔據幾乎醒著的每一刻的今天,我們每個人每分每秒都在虛擬的世界留下無數的足跡。然而與人類自然遺忘的功能不同的是,電磁紀錄只要有足夠的空間就會一直記得、幫你我記得。但真實世界的我們也許不希望自己、甚至不認識的陌生人,都能藉由無遠弗界的網路了解我們自己都想忘卻的過去。
2014年5月13日,歐盟法院(Court of Justice of the European Union)針對沸騰已久的《Google Spain SL, Google Inc. v. Agencia Española de Protección de Datos》(以下簡稱《Google Spain案》) 做出判決。該判決 對於原來1995年歐盟個人資料保護指令(Directive 95∕46∕EC,以下簡稱個資保護指令) 的保護範圍做出解釋,媒體並認為此為「被遺忘權」(the right to be forgotten) 的確立。
本論文的研究聚焦在被遺忘權做為一種可能的權利形式在歐盟層級的發展觀察分析,期待透過更深入地介紹被遺忘「權」在歐盟包括相關司法實務的發展背景,包括2014年《Google Spain》前過往資料保護與隱私的相關案例分析,以及其後被冠上被遺忘「權」的相關案例介紹,釐清現行歐盟法院是否已具備形成被遺忘「權」與網路平台實務在執行去列表權請求決定時之判斷標準。
除緒論與結論外,區分為被遺忘權學理基礎、歐盟被遺忘權案例發展、歐盟資料保護立法的被遺忘權、被遺忘權在歐盟層級以外影響等部分。
在被遺忘權學理基礎的部分,特別從隱私、資料保護與資訊隱私這些被遺忘權的法理基礎,介紹2003年的《Lindqvist案》、2012年的《Van Honnver 2號案》、《Gardel v. France》,希冀讓讀者理解被遺忘權的判決並非完全憑空出現,也透過對於過去歐盟相關案例是如何開展,期許對於未來又該如何推進的方向能有更全面的參考基礎。
在歐盟被遺忘權案例發展的部份,則除了介紹前述《Google Spain》案、《Leece v. Manni》案,以及《Google LLC v. CNIL》案外,並就歐盟機構所公布的政策文件,諸如2011年ENSIA報告與2014年「第29條工作小組」專家指導意見做說明。同時,針對《Google Spain案》後歐盟被遺忘權的執行現況,以Google在2015年所發布的專家獨立報告、2017年所公開的透明性報告為例作為各界反應的補充。
在歐盟資料保護立法的被遺忘權的部份,則先從成文法的部分出發,介紹《Google Spain案》宣判當時有效、同時也是現今歐盟資料保護法制主要奠基基礎的歐盟個人資料保護指令,簡述其架構。再依時序介紹後來在2012年由執委會提出、2016年由歐洲議會通過的歐盟歐盟一般資料保護規則的生成背景,與其中和被遺忘權有關之條文。透過兩者介紹讓我們更能理解歐盟被遺忘權的司法實務法展原本的架構背景與相應的立法發展。
在被遺忘權在歐盟層級以外影響,則以兩個面向為觀察,其一是檢視被遺忘「權」在法國作為歐盟會員國的在2014年《Google Spain案》後開展及,從Google作為搜尋引擎產業為例,就其所公布的透明性報告《Google Spain案》,分析去列表權在現今真實的實踐樣貌。
希冀透過上述文件材料的梳理達成以下目的:
(一)探尋歐盟被遺忘權的發展基礎;
(二)觀察被遺忘權在歐盟作為可能權利形式的發展脈絡,透過彙整與歐盟被遺忘權相關影響與探討在法規與判決的演進,包括在2014年前《Google Spain》案前的歐盟法院以及歐洲人權法院(European Court of Human Rights)判決等,釐清現行歐盟法院與網路平台實務決定被遺忘權行使請求之判斷標準
Almost 7 years has passed since the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) delivered its judgment of the <Google Spain> case. There has been discussions in all arenas in the globe.
In this thesis written in traditional Chinese, I first reviewed a selection of literatures published also in traditional Chinese in Taiwan. To assist the Chinese-speaking audience to better understand where the EU right to be forgotten (RTBF) comes from, I introduce the CJEU RTBF-related jurisprudence such as <Google Spain> in 2014, < Leece v. Manni > in 2017, and < Google LLC v. CNIL > case in 2019 in details, as well as some of the earlier cases related to data protection both from the CJEU and from the European Court of Human Rights, such as <Lindqvist>, <Hannover v. Germany> No.2, and <Gardel v. France>.
As conclusion, I argue that there is currently no actual right to be forgotten existing in the legal form at the EU level, other than the right to be delisted, which is based on the right to erasure and has always been existing in the EU data protection law.
In addition, I have also compiled a list of delisting cases as published by Google’s transparency report, to demonstrate what exactly has been/ or has not been removed from the cyber world of search list, showing that Google does not always follow the suggestions from the national data protection agencies (DPAs) of the EU member states.
一、歐洲聯盟官方文件
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party Opinion Guidelines on the Implementation of the Court of Justice of the European Union Judgment on “Google Spain And Inc V. Agencia Española De Protección De Datos (Aepd) And Mario Costeja González” C-131/12 (2014), WP 225.
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party Opinion 1/2008 on Data Protection Issues Related to Search Engines (2008), WP 148.
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party Opinion 1/2010 on the concepts of "controller" and "processor" (2010), WP 169.
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party Opinion 8/2010 on Applicable Law (2010), WP 179.
Case C-97/96, Verband deutscher Daihatsu-Händler eV v. Daihatsu Deutschland GmbH,1997 ECR I- 06843.
Case C-101/01, Criminal proceedings against Bodil Lindquvist, 2003 ECR I-12971.
Case C-131/12, Google Spain SL, Google Inc. v. Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD), 2014 ECR 317.
Case C‑138/11, Compass-Datenbank GmbH v. Republik Österreich, ECLI:EU:C:2012:449.
Case C-274/99, Bernard Connolly v Commission of the European Communities, 2001 ECR I-01611.
Case 325/09, L’Oréal SA and Others v eBay International AG and Others, 2011 ECR I-06011.
Case C‑360/10, Belgische Vereniging van Auteurs, Componisten en Uitgevers CVBA (SABAM) v. Netlog NV, ECLI:EU:C:2012:85.
Case C-398/15, Camera di Commercio, Industria, Artigianato e Agricoltura di Lecce v. Salvatore Manni, ECLI:EU:C:2017:197.
Case C‑413/14, Intel Corporation Inc. v. European Commission, ECLI:EU:C:2017:632.
Case C-507/17, Google LLC v. Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés (CNIL), ECLI:EU:C:2019:772.
Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the European Union, O.J. (C 326), 26. 10. 2012, pp.391-407.
Communiation SEC (73) 4300 final “Community Policy on Data-Processing”. 21.11.1973.
Communication COM (2010) 609 final “A comprehensive approach on personal data protection in the European Union”, 4.11.2010.
Communication COM (2012) 9 final “Safeguarding Privacy in a Connected World”, 25.1.2012.
A European Data Protection Framework for the 21st Century”
Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 “on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data”, OJ L 281, 23. 11. 1995, p. 31–50.
Directive 2000/31/EC of 8 June 2000 “on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (E-Commerce Directive)”, OJ L 178, 17.07.2000, pp. 1-15.
European Parliament legislative resolution of 12 March 2014 (COM(2012)0011 – C7-0025/2012 – 2012/0011(COD)), OJ C 378, 9.11.2017, p. 399–492.
Joined Cases C‑92/09 and C‑93/09, Volker und Markus Schecke GbR and Hartmut Eifert v Land Hessen, 2010 ECR I-11063.
Joined Cases C-236/08 to C-238/08, Google France SARL v Louis Vuitton Malletier SA, 2010 ECR I-2417.
Joined Case C-465/00, C-138/01 and C-139/01, Rechnungshof v Österreichischer Rundfunk and Others and Christa Neukomm and Joseph Lauermann v Österreichischer Rundfunk, 2003 ECR I-04989.
Joined Case C-468/10 and C-469/10, Asociación Nacional de Establecimientos Financieros de Crédito (ASNEF), Federación de Comercio Electrónico y Marketing Directo (FECEMD) v Administración del Estado, 2011 ECR I-20181.
Opinion of Advocate General Jääskinen in Case C-131/12, Google Spain SL, Google Inc. v. Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD), 2014 ECR 317.
Opinion of Advocate General Jääskinen in Case C‑138/11, Compass-Datenbank GmbH v. Republik Österreich, ECLI:EU:C:2012:449.
Opinion of Advocate General Bot in Case C-398/15, Camera di Commercio, Industria, Artigianato e Agricoltura di Lecce v. Salvatore Manni, ECLI:EU:C:2017:197.
Opinion of Advocate General Szpunar in Case C-507/17, Google LLC v. Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés (CNIL), ECLI:EU:C:2019:772.
Proposal for A Regulation COM (2012) 11 final “on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data”, OJ L 119 4.5.2016, pp. 1-88.
Regulation No 236/2012 of 14 March 2012 “on Short Selling And Certain Aspects Of Credit Default Swaps”, OJ L 86, 24.03.2012, pp. 1-24.
Regulation No 648/2012 of 4 July 2012 “on Otc Derivatives, Central Counterparties And Trade Repositories”, OJ L 201, 27.07.2012, pp. 1-59.

二、歐洲人權法院文件
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights, as amended) (ECHR)
Aleksey Ovchinnikov v. Russia, no. 24061/04 (2010).
B.B. v. France, no. 5335/06 (2010).
Gardel v. France, no.16428/05 (2010).
Niemietz v. Germany, no. 13710/88 (1992).
The Observer And The Guardian v. United Kingdom, no. 13585/88 (1991).
Times Newspapers Ltd v. The United Kingdom, no. 3002/03 and 23676/03 (2009).
Von Hannover v. Germany, no. 59320/00 (2005).
Von Hannover v. Germany (no. 2), no. 40660/08 and 60641/08 (2012).

三、專書
王泰銓:歐洲共同體法總論,台北:三民書局,1997年。
丘宏達(著)∕陳純一(修訂):現代國際法,台北:三民書局,2012年。
姜皇池:國際公法導論,台北:新學林出版股份有限公司,2008年。
許慶雄∕李明峻:現代國際法入門,台北:月旦出版中心,1993年。
陳麗娟:歐洲共同體經濟法,台北:五南圖書出版股份有限公司,2005年。
陳麗娟:里斯本條約後歐洲聯盟新面貌,台北:五南圖書出版股份有限公司,2018年。
Mattias Herdegen著∕張恩民譯:歐洲法,台北:韋伯文化國際出版有限公司,2006年。
羅傳賢:立法程序與技術,台北:五南圖書出版股份有限公司,2012年。
Berlee, Anna: Access to Personal Data in Public Land Registers: Balancing Publicity of Property Rights with the Rights to Privacy and Data Protection, The Hague: Eleven International Publishing, 2018.
Bygrave, Lee A.: Data Privacy in Context, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Barnard, Catherine /Peers Steve : European Union Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Chalmers Damien, et al. : European Union Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Hijmans, Hielke: The European Union as Guardian of Internet Privacy- The Story of Art 16 TFEU, Switerland: Springer International Publishing, 2016.
Jones, Meg Leta: Control+Z: The Right to Be Forgotten, New York & London: New York University Press, 2016.
Lynskey, Orla : The Foundations of EU Data Protection Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Mayer-Schönberger,Viktor: Delete: The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009.
Nissenbum, Helen : Privacy in Context: Technology, Policy, and the Integrity of Social Life, California: Stanford University Press, 2010.
Rallo, Artemi: The Right to Be Forgotten on the Internet: Google v Spain, Washington, D.C.: Electornic Privacy Information Center, 2018.
Rothfeder, Jeffrey: Privacy for Sale: How Computerization Has Made Everyone's Private Life an Open Secret, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.
Rowland, Diane/Kohl, Uta/Charlesworth, Andrew: Information Technology Law, New York, NY: Routledge, 2017.
Strumpf, Felix: Das Recht auf Vergessenwerden—Das Google Urteil des EuGH: Verbote der zwwiten Chance im digitalen Zeitalter oder Ende der freien Kommunikation im Internet? Baden-Baden: Tectum Verlag, 2017.
Swire, Peter/Kennedy-Mayo, DeBrae: U. S. Private-sector Privacy, Portsmouth: International Association of Privacy Professional, 2020.
Van Alesnoy,Brendan: Data Protection Law in the EU: Roles, Recponsibilities And Liability, Cambridge, Intersentia, 2019.
Weber, Rolf H/Staiger, Dominic: Transatlantic Data Protection in Practice, Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 2017.
Weismantel, Jan: Das „Recht auf Vergessenwerden”im Internet nach dem „Google-Urteil“ des EuGH, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2017.

四、專書論文
李震山:基因資訊利用與資訊隱私權之保障,刊載於:法治斌:法治斌教授紀念論文集—法治與現代行政法學,台北:元照出版,2004年,頁83-110。
吳志光:歐盟法院訴訟類型,刊載於:洪德欽∕陳淳文(編):歐盟法之基礎原則與實務發展(上),台北:國立臺灣大學出版中心,2015年,頁151-212。
蔡柏毅:歐盟「個人資料保護規則」導讀,刊載於:財團法人金融聯合徵信中心編輯委員會(編):歐盟個人資料保護規則,台北:金融聯合徵信,2016年,頁1-14。

Azurmendi, Ana: Spain - The right to be forgotten. The right to privacy and the initiative facing the new challenges of the information society,in: Schünemann Wolf J. and Baumann, MaxOtto (eds.) Privacy, Data Protection and Cybersecurity in Europe, Cham: Springer, pp.17-30.

Chiu,Wen-Tsong, Limits and Prospects of the Right to Be Forgorrten in Taiwan, in Werro, Franz (ed): The Right To Be Forgotten: A Comparative Study of the Emergent Right's Evolution and Application in Europe, the Americas, and Asia Cham: Springer, pp.311-318.

Guadamuz, Andres: Developing a Right to Be Forgotten, in: Synodinou, Tatiana-Eleni et al. (eds.): EU Internet Law: Internet Law Regulation and Enforcement, Cham: Springer, 2017, pp. 59-76.

Graux, Hans, et al.: The Right of Forgetting in the Internet Era, in: The Debate On Privacy And Security Over The Network: Regulation And Markets, Madrid and Barcelona: Ariel and Fundación Telefónica, 2012, pp. 93-106.

Haga, Yuriko: Right to Be Forgotten: A New Privacy Right in the Era of Internet, in: Corrales, Marcelo, et al. (eds.): New Technology, Big Data and the Law, Singapore: Springer, 2017, pp.97-126.

Hustinx, Peter: EU Data Protection Law: The Review of Directive 95/46/EC and the General Data Protection Regulation, in: Cremona, Marise (ed.): New Technologies and EU Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017, pp.123-173.

Kuner, Christopher: The Internet and the Global Reach of EU Law, in: Cremona, Marise et al. (eds.): EU Law Beyond EU Borders: The Extraterritorial Reach of EU Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019, pp. 112-145.

Lavrysen, Laurens: Protection by the Law: The Positive Obligation to Develop a Legal Framework to Adequately Protect ECHR Rights, in: Haeck, Yves et al. (eds): Human Rights and Civil Liberties in the 21st Century, Dordrecht: Springer, 2014, pp. 69-129.

Markou, Christiana: The ‘Right to Be Forgotten’: Ten Reasons Why It Should Be Forgotten, in: Gutwirth, Serge et al. (eds.): Reforming European Data Protection Law, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015, pp.203-226.

Vested-Hansen, Jens: Article 7 – Respect for Private and Family Life (Private Life, Home and Communications), in: Steve, Peers (eds.): The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights:
A Commentary, Baden-Baden/Munich/Oxford: Nomos/C.H.Beck/Hart Publishing, 2014.

Zanfir, Gabriela: Tracing the Right to Be Forgotten in the Short History of Data Protection Law: The ‘New Clothes’ of an Old Right, in: Gutwirth,Serge et al. (eds.): Reforming European Data Protection Law, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015, pp. 227-249.

五、期刊論文
何明瑜:歐盟競爭法調查程序中當事人權利之保障—以歐盟水泥案為中心,刊載於:公平交易季刊,第16卷第2期,2008年04月,頁1-42。
吳兆琰:論政府資料探勘應用之個人資料保護爭議,刊載於:科技法律透析,第19卷第11期,2007年11月,頁21-39。
邱文聰:從資訊自決與資訊隱私的概念區分—評「電腦處理個人資料保護法修正草案」的結構性問題,刊載於:月旦法學,第168期,2009年5月,頁172-189。
林玫君:論歐盟最新個人資料保護法制,刊載於:科技法律透析,第26卷第11期,2014年11月,頁51-68。
林其樺:歐盟個人資料保護新展望─改革包裹立法通過後之因應,刊載於:科技法律透析,第28卷第5期,2016年5月,頁2-4。
范姜真媺:網路時代個人資料保護之強化──被遺忘權利之主張,刊載於:興大法學,第11期,2016年5月,頁61-106。
徐彪豪:M2M時代下的資料保護權利之進展-歐盟與日本觀察,刊載於:科技法律透析,第25卷第11期,2013年11月,頁47-62。
徐彪豪:從歐盟法院實務看資料保護在智慧聯網時代下發展-以資料保存指令無效案和西班牙Google案為例,刊載於:科技法律透析,第26卷第8期,2014年8月,頁60-66。
徐彪豪:被遺忘權近期發展-歐盟法院判決週年後回顧與本土觀察刊載於:科技法律透析,第27卷第11期,2015年11月,頁50-70。
徐彪豪:日最高院被遺忘權判決提供搜尋引擎業者受理請求衡量判準:科技法律透析,第29卷第3期,2017年3月,頁7-9。
翁清坤:論個人資料保護標準之全球化,刊載於:東吳法律學報,第22卷第1期,2010年7月,頁1-60。
郭戎晉,論歐盟個人資料保護立法域外效力規定暨其適用問題,刊載於:政大法學評論,第161期,2020年6月,頁1-70。
陳思廷: ASP產業促進會呼籲歐盟個人資料保護指令須跟上科技的腳步,刊載於:科技法律透析,第13卷第6期,2001年6月,頁12-13。
陳起行:資訊隱私權法理探討──以美國法為中心,刊載於:政大法學評論,第64期,2000年12月,頁297-341。
許炳華:被遺忘的權利:比較法之觀察,刊載於:東吳法律學報,第27卷第1期,2015年7月,頁125-163。
張志瑋,記憶或遺忘,抑或相忘於網路-從歐洲法院被遺忘權判決,檢視資訊時代下的個人資料保護,刊載於:政大法學評論,第 148 期,2017年3月,頁1-68 。
張陳宏:個人資料之認定-個人資料保護法適用之啟動閥,,刊載於:法令月刊,第67卷5期,2016年5月,頁67-101。
黃源浩: 法國行政第三人撤銷訴訟之研究,刊載於:臺大法學論叢,第48卷第4期,2019年12月,頁1863-1926。
彭金隆等著:巨量資料應用在台灣個資法架構下的法律風險,刊載於:臺大管理論叢,第27卷第2期特刊,2017年5月,頁93-118。
葉芳如:歐盟有關個人資料保護指令生效,刊載於:資訊法務透析,第10卷第12期,1998年12月,頁12-13。
葉志良:大數據應用下個人資料定義的檢討:以我國法院判決為例,刊載於:資訊社會研究,第31期,2016年7月,頁1-33。
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六、博碩士論文(未出版)
孔德澔,被遺忘權的實然與應然 : 以數位上改過自新權的理論為中心,國立政治大學法律學系碩士論文,2020年6月,頁1-208。
彭麟之,數位化時代下被遺忘權之探討與建構 : 兼論與言論自由之衝突,東吳大學法律學系碩士班碩士論文,2018年1月,頁1-172。
楊柏宏,被遺忘權之研究-以歐盟個資保護規章及歐盟法院Google Spain SL案為中心,國立交通大學科技法律研究所碩士論文,2017年6月,頁1-84。
劉孟涵,論被遺忘權之發展與在我國建構之可能性,國立臺灣大學法律學研究所,2019年7月,頁1-153。

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