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題名:探討老齡對創新科技接受之使用意圖和行為意圖—以機器人為例
作者:吳美馨
作者(外文):WU, MEI HSIN
校院名稱:元智大學
系所名稱:管理學院博士班
指導教授:楊炎杰
翁華鴻
郭人誌
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2023
主題關鍵詞:老齡社會機器人態度使用意圖行為意圖需求科技接受模式整合科技接受模式老人科技接受模式elderly societyrobotsattitudeuse intentionbehavioral intentionneedTAM (Technology Acceptance Model)UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model)STAM (Senior Technology Acceptance Model)
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摘 要
少子化造成社會漸趨老齡結構,老齡社會結構的危機是社會將面臨需要更多的看顧資源,看顧人力不足將引發嚴重的社會問題。本研究之背景來自老齡社會結構與創新智慧科技;研究動機來自意圖觀察老齡社會結構之下,老齡對科技接受的態度,探索老齡對機器人的需求。基於背景與動機,本研究預測引進機器人照護老齡將是未來的趨勢,故探討臺灣的老齡對機器人之需求。研究問題為:(1)機器人是否有辦法取代人力看顧?(2)臺灣的老齡對使用機器人陪伴與照護是否具有需求?(3)哪一類的老齡對機器人的需求比較大?探索的層面包括老齡社會、科技接受、與機器人。
本研究歸納四個理論做為基礎: 社會認知理論、需求層級理論、創新擴散理論、與科技接受模式;再根據理論基礎發展五個變數: 自我效能、需求意識、創新性、知覺有用性、知覺易用性;變數的功能為反映老齡的個人特質,故將其設為自變數;由於老齡健康狀況不一,另設定類別調節變數: 一般健康、行動不便、慢性疾病、特殊疾病、重症或術後等,目的是檢測自變數對依變數-態度的變化;基於老齡對科技產品的使用,首要條件為接受,故本研究自科技接受模式、整合科技接受模式、老人科技接受模式三個理論發展中介變數:使用意圖與行為意圖,兩個變數的中介效果將影響科技接受態度對使用機器人需求所產生的變化。
本研究之方法論為以科技接受模式探討老齡對科技接受之態度,與老齡對使用機器人之需求,是以科技接受態度為經,以老齡對使用機器人之需求為緯的探索模式。本研究之研究方法以調查法對社會老齡進行問卷施測,本研究採量化的分析方法;取樣策略分為兩階段: (1)對社會一般老人進行正式施測;(2)對社會大眾、醫護人員、大學學者、專業工程人員、與大學生等進行輔助施測;本研究採問卷調查法企圖發現老齡是否因個人特質影響科技接受態度,並探索老齡對科技接受之正向態度是否產生高使用意圖與高行為意圖而對使用機器人具有需求。
本研究之結果顯示: (1)機器人無法整個取代人力看顧,但機器人可以成為人類的優良助手;原因為醫療體系中仍有部份重症、術後、或特殊疾病的患者需要人力看顧;(2)臺灣的老齡對機器人之需求存在,因為臺灣面臨看顧短缺,又即將到達超高齡社會結構;惟因受限於文化與環境的影響,目前之需求不大;(3)慢性疾病、與一般健康的老齡對使用機器人之需求較大;(4)以特殊疾病和行動不便老齡對使用機器人之需求較小。
本研究致力於顯示七項貢獻:(1)可提供政府在未來引進機器人照護老齡時作為相關政策之評估與參考;(2)可提供長照與安養中心引進機器人照護老齡時作為安置策略之參考;(3)可提供政府在頒佈長照衛生政策及擬定安養計畫時作為參考之依據;(4)可作為全國或地區性建立老齡健康相關資料庫之參考資料;(5)可作為機器人相關企業管理實務上之參考;(6)可引起政府或相關單位對老齡社會結構的變動與發展注意與重視;(7)可激勵後續研究者對老齡與機器人相關議題重視與提升研究的興趣。本研究之成果,無論是對政府、醫療機構、或一般老齡,均具有實質、正向之幫助。
關鍵詞:老齡社會、機器人、態度、使用意圖、使用行為、需求、科技接受模式(TAM)、整合性科技接受模式(UTAUT)、老人科技接受模式(STAM)
ABSTRACT
The declining birth rate has shifted the society gradually toward elderly structure. The crisis of the elderly social structure is that the society would face the need for more care resources, and the shortage of care manpower would cause serious social problems. The backgrounds of this research come from elderly social structure and innovative intelligence technology; the research motivations come from the intention of observing technology acceptance attitude by elderly under elderly society structure, and exploring the needs for using robots by elderly. Based on the backgrounds and motivations, this research predicts that introducing robots to care elderly will be a future trend, and intends to explore the needs for using robots by elderly in Taiwan. The research questions are: (1) Could robots replace manpower? (2) Do Taiwan’s elderly need robots’ care? (3) Which category of elderly would have a greater need for using robots? The exploring dimensions include elderly society, technology acceptance, and robots.
This study summarizes four theories as the basis: Social Cognitive Theory; Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory; Diffusion of Innovation Theory, and Technology Acceptance Model, and develops five variables based on the theoretical basis: self-efficacy; need awareness; innovativeness; usefulness; and ease of use; the function of the variables is to reflect personal characteristics of the elderly, so this study set them as the independent variables; due to different healthy conditions of the elderly, 5 categorical variables are set as the adjusting variables: general healthy, impaired mobility, chronic diseases, special diseases, and after surgery or critical illness; the purpose is to detect the change of the independent variables to the dependent variable-attitude; based on the use of technological product by elderly, the first condition is the acceptance, so this research develops use intention and behavioral intention as the mediators from three theories: TAM, UTAUT, and STAM; the mediation effect of these two variables will affect the changes from technology acceptance attitude to the need of using robots.
The methodology of this research is exploring technology acceptance attitude and the needs for using robots by elderly based on Technology Acceptance Model. The research takes the survey method conducting questionnaires on social elderly; the analysis method is quantitative; The sampling strategies include 2 stages, conduct the questionnaire survey on: (1) social healthy elderly; (2) social public, medical members, university scholars, professional engineers, and university students. This research uses questionnaire survey method and tries to find out whether different categories of the elderly would influence technology acceptance attitude through personal characteristics; and explores whether positive technology acceptance attitude would have a need for using robots through high use intentions and high behavioral intentions.
The results show that: (1) robots cannot completely replace human care because there are still some critical illness, postoperative, or special diseases in the medical systems need the assistance from manpower; (2)Taiwan’s elderly have the need for using robots because Taiwan is facing the shortage of care resources and reaching the super-aged social structure; however, due to culture, economic, and environmental constraints, the current need is not great; (3) elderly people with chronic diseases and general healthy have a greater need for using robots; (4) elderly people with special diseases and impaired mobility have a less need among of them.
This research tries to show 7 contributions: (1) providing as the evaluation and reference for the government's policies; (2) providing as a reference for resetting strategies in nursing centers; (3) providing as a reference for promulgating long-term care health policies and drafting nursing plans; (4) providing as a reference for establishing national or regional health-related databases for the elderly; (5) providing as a reference for corporate management practices of robot-related enterprises; (6) attracting the attention of the government and relevant departments for the changes and developments of the elderly social structure; more, (7) inspiring the future researches to pay attention to related issues and enhance research interests. The results of this study are of substantial and positive help to the government, medical institutions, or the general elderly.
Key words: elderly society, robots, attitude, use intention, behavioral intention, need, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model (UTAUT), Senior Technology Acceptance Model (STAM)
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