監視是社會控制的一環。在現代國家與資本主義生產方式當中，監視 更是不可或缺的控制手段之一。然而，現代的監視與中古時代以前的監視不同， 因為它是全面的、有系統的監視，而非片面的、純為政治方面的監視。這種系統 性的全面監視不是資訊科技造成的，得力於資訊科技之處卻甚多，寖假而形成鋪 天蓋地、無所遁逃的監視宇宙。 本文首先澄清有關科技與監視的概念式隱喻，如歐威爾的「老大哥」與、邊沁、 傅柯的「圓形監獄」，繼而論述此一監視宇宙的四個象限，分別是現代國家的監 視、資本主義的生產監視、資本的消費監視，以及混沌監視。現代國家的監視係 為其統治便利，以個人識別碼標誌其國民。生產監視是指資本家與經理階層對勞 工的監視，消費監視則是指資本家為促銷其產品，實現剩餘價值，設法掌握消費 者，吸引其購物。最後是混沌監視，主要是指網際網路上無法確定監視者，以及 無法完全消除上網蹤跡的現象。

　　　　　Surveillance is a part of social control. It is also an indispensable means for control in the modern state and capitalist mode of production. However, the modern surveillance differs from the old one before the Middle Age in that it is total and systematic, rather than partial or based on partisan reasons. Information technology does not result in the systematic and total surveillance, but it has made great contribution to the existence of the surveillance universe, which is impossible to escape. The paper clarifies some misconceptions about the relationships between modern technology and surveillance, such as the misunderstanding about George Orwell's "the Big Brother" and Michel Foucault's "panopticon." Then, the paper discusses the four quadrants of the surveillance universe. First, the modern state's surveillance is based on personal identification number, through which the state governs its citizens. Second, the production surveillance results from the need of the capitalists and management to monitor and control their workers. Third, consumer surveillance comes into existence because the capitalists need to realize more surplus value of their commodities to gain profit on the market, which is always characterized by fierce competition. Fourth, the chaotic surveillance appears because of the internet and other types of information technology, which makes it difficult for one to identify the exact subjects who monitor her and clean one's personal information flowing on the net and stored in databases. The conclusion is that no one could escape from the surveillance universe. It is extremely difficult to prevent identity theft and other social troubles pertaining to information technology from happening, and it is not easy to solve at one stroke.