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| 2. | Schinederman, L. J.、Jecker, N. S.、Jonsen, A. R.(1996)。Medical futility: response to critiques。Annuals of Internal Medicine，125(8)，669-674。 |
| 3. | Youngner, S. J.(1996)。Medical Futility。Crit Care Clin，12，165-178。 |
| 4. | Wear, S.、Logue, G.(1995)。The Problem of Medically Futile Treatment: Falling back on a Preventive Ethics Approach。J Clin Ethics，6，138-148。 |
| 5. | Baker, R.(1993)。The Ethics of Medical Futility。Crit Care Clin，9，575-584。 |
| 6. | Lofmark, R.、Nilstun, T.(2000)。Conditions and Consequences of Medical Futility: From a Literature Review to a Clinical Model。J Med Ethics，28，115-119。 |
| 7. | Doty, W. D.、Walker, R. M.(2000)。Medical Futility。Clin Cardiol，23(S2)，6-16。 |
| 8. | Weijer, C.(1999)。Medical Futility。West J Med，170，254。 |
| 9. | Bay Area Network of Ethics Committees Nonbeneficial Treatment Working Group(1999)。Nonbeneficial or Futile Medical Treatment: Conflict Resolution Guidelines for the San Francisco Bay Area。West J Med，170，287-290。 |