What Good Are Elections?--An Anthropological Analysis of American Elections_

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題名：	What Good Are Elections?--An Anthropological Analysis of American Elections
書刊名：	臺灣人類學刊
作者：	Damon,Frederick H.
出版日期：	2003
卷期：	1:2
頁次：	頁39-81
主題關鍵詞：	美國；選舉；儀式分析；結構主義；意識形態；United States；Elections；Ritual analysis；Structuralism；Ideology
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:57

　　　　　人類學是在西方社會企圖瞭解與秩序化非西方社會之際而發展出來的。本文即是利用該段歷史中所開拓出的知識工具，來檢視一項屬於目前西方的霸權社會－美國－最根本的實踐之一，選舉。文中將選舉視為儀式過程，並提出有關這個習俗之形式與作用的相關假說。作者認為選舉在美國是一種儀式建構，深深地嵌在美國的歷史與結構裡，以及其在世界體系中的位置。職正之故，這套選舉儀式實踐並不必然地適用於其他地方。除了民族誌及理論上的旨趣，本文亦加入了應用人類學的討論。文中運用美國開國至今的材料，以具有典範地位的總統大選為例，描述四種構成選舉之不同、卻又彼此息息相關的元素。首先是一套「自然」╱「文化」對比在美國的運作方式。這一組對比是美國文化�堻怑垠n的宇宙觀秩序的機制。它已內化於親屬結構和過程當中；而早在十八世紀，美國就已藉此機制在世界體系中形塑國家的認同。第二個儀式典範，顯示了有關通過儀式之一套結構概念可以用來組織大選這段時期的時間。在候選人宣告參選的分隔儀式以及總統當選人就職大典的整合儀式之間，存在著一個我們已可預知的倒轉(inversions)與顯露出危機之中介時期。第三個儀式典範是藉是對「非洲戲謔關係」(African joking relationships)的分析，來勾勒出選舉中介時期，某些儀式行為中看似更荒誕不經的面向。藉由美國選舉與東非戲謔關係間顯著的差異，作者指出政客與政治策略暫時性地出現在美國的教育結構內這一種古怪的現象。戲謔關係的比喻是要指出這一類的儀式，顯然對於美國平民大眾來說不太具有說服力;而醜聞和控訴行徑反而逐漸成為美國政治對話的途徑。對人類學家而言，這類看似巫術指控的行為，似乎取代了另一套未成功的行動模式。最後一個範式則回到選舉結構與教育之實踐兩者間的關係來談。作者認為整個選舉的公式就如同一種儀式的構思，將美國人的意識暫時地轉移到機械性聯結的意象（image of mechanic solidarity）。美國教育結構原本旨在創造出有機的差異（organic differences）,而選舉卻透過其儀式性過性，倒轉了這原本受教育結構所影響的改變。本來美國教育制度的基本理念，是將具有相等潛能的小孩塑造出社會角色極為不同的各色人等，選舉卻將這些顯而易見的差異重新再組合成一種想像的與暫時性的平等。

以文找文

　　　　　Devised by anthropologists to look at non-Western societies, this paper uses anthropological ideas about rituals to analyze elections in United States culture, the self-professed exemplar for the world. The argument is that elections are a ritual structure deeply imbedded in the history and structure of the United States, and its place in the world-system. And, therefore, this is not a ritual practice that can be or should be considered necessarily appropriate for other places. In addition to its ethnographic and theoretical interests, then, the paper is a contribution to applied anthropology. Using data from the earliest years of the country's existence to the present, and focusing on presidential elections, it outlines four different but interrelated schemes that organize the practices. The first follows from the way a Nature/Culture contrast operates. The second employs standard ideas about rites of passage. An analysis of African joking relationships is used to delineate relationships internal to the rites of passage structure. The final model outlines how the entire ritual edifice accomplishes a temporary shift in United States consciousness into an image of mechanical solidarity. Through its ritual process, elections invert transformations effected by United States educational structures, which serve to produce organic differences.

以文找文

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