Enhancing L2 Vocabulary Acquisition through Web-based Activities: A Study of English Silent Consonants_

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題名：	Enhancing L2 Vocabulary Acquisition through Web-based Activities: A Study of English Silent Consonants
書刊名：	國立彰化師範大學文學院學報
作者：	郭鳳蘭／江憲坤
作者(外文)：	Kuo, Feng-lan／Chiang, Heien-kun
出版日期：	2003
卷期：	2
頁次：	頁155-182
主題關鍵詞：	網路學習；不發聲子音字母
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:1 共同引用:0 點閱:19

先前研究顯示英語母語學習者經常誤拼字尾帶有不發聲gh子音之字彙（Bear, et al., 2000）。再者，學者如Ehri及Wilce（1980）、Page（1995）皆提出正確學習拼寫字首帶有不發聲子音字母主要仰賴視覺記憶並涉及對拼字法知識的掌握。另一方面，在以英語為外語的學習環境之相關研究中，朱（1997）發現一群臺灣國中生在解讀帶有不發聲子音字母群之假字有其困難。黃（1999）及郭（2000）進一步指出在施予字母拼讀教學前，多數在職及準中學英語教師對英語字彙中的不發聲子音的認知有限。綜合上述國內外的研究顯示以英語為母語及外語之學習者在拼讀英語字彙中的不發聲子音皆遭遇到類似的困難。因此，本研究首先針對國內中學使用率極高的兩個詞彙表：《教育部九年一貫英文詞彙表》約二千個英文詞彙及鄭（2001）《大考中心指定科目考試英文參考詞彙表》約六千五百個英文詞彙進行語言分析。分析結果顯示字首kn、wr及字尾ght三種不發聲子音類型之出現機率最高。因此，第二階段的研究重點在於建構一個能供多人使用、教導學習者精確辨認不發聲子音拼讀規則的教學網頁。問卷調查結果顯示：一百四十六位使用過本教學網頁之中、小學英文教師認為本研究所建構之字母拼讀電子學習環境能有效增進第二語言字彙習得。

以文找文

Previous studies have shown that L1 learners often misspelled words containing word final silent -gh sequences (Bear, et al., 2000). Ehri & Wilce (1980) and Page (1995) further showed that the acquisition of the correct spelling of words with an initial silent letter depended primarily on visual memory and involve specific orthographic knowledge. In an EFL learning environment, Chu (1997) found that a group of junior high school students in Taiwan encountered difficulty in decoding non-words containing silent consonants. Huang (1999) and Kuo (2001) further found that in the pre-instructional phase of in-service/pre-service teachers' training programs, the subjects participated in the studies had problems in recognizing words containing silent consonants. The findings of L1 and L2 studies indicated that both native speakers and EFL learners encountered similar difficulty in pronouncing or spelling words containing silent letters. Thus, in this study the unpronounced consonants patterns found in Taiwan's Nine-year curriculum word list (MOE, 2000), the two CEEC SAET word lists (Jeng, 2001) frequently used in the elementary and secondary school levels were first analyzed. Analysis on silent consonant frequency showed that the kn-, and -ght patterns were most often found. Based on these findings, in the second phase of this study effort has been made to create a web-based learning environment specifically designed for predicting the occurrence of silent consonants in a word. Results from questionnaires distributed to 146 elementary/secondary school English teachers in Taiwan further revealed that these subjects considered the constructed e-learning environment to be highly beneficial in enhancing L2 vocabulary acquisition.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Hoven, D.(1999)。A model for listening and viewing comprehension in multimedia environments。Language Learning & Technology，3(1)，88-103。
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3.	Richgels, D. J.、Poremba, K. J.、McGee, L. M.(1996)。Kindergarteners talk about print: Phonemic awareness in meaningful contexts。The Reading Teacher，49(8)，632-642。
4.	Stahl, K, A. D.、Stahl, S. A.、McKenna, M. C.(1999)。The development of phonological awareness and orthographic processing in Reading Recovery。Literacy, Teaching and Learning，4(3)，27-42。
5.	Chard, D. J.、Dickson, S. V.(1999)。Phonological awareness: Instructional and assessment guidelines。Intervention in School and Clinic，34(5)，261-270。
6.	Ball, E. W.、Blachman, B. A.(1991)。Does phoneme awareness training in kindergarten make a difference in early word recognition and developmental spelling?。Reading Research Quarterly，26(1)，49-66。
7.	Bruck, M.、Treiman, R.(1992)。Learning to pronounce words: the limitation of analogies。Reading Research Quarterly，27(4)，374-388。
8.	Chapelle, C. A.(1998)。Multimedia CALL: lessons to be learned from research on instructed SLA。Language Learning & Technology，2(1)，22-34。
9.	Hohn, W. E.、Ehri, L. C.(1983)。Do alphabet letters help prereaders acquire phonemic segmentation skill?。Journal of Educational Psychology，75，752-762。
10.	Stahl, S. A.、Duffy-Hester, A. M.、Stahl, K. A.(1998)。Everything you wanted to know about phonics (but were afraid to ask)。Reading Research Quarterly，33(3)，338-355。
11.	Tangel, D. M.、Blachman, B. A.(1992)。Effect of phoneme awareness instruction on kindergarten children's invented spellings。Journal of Reading Behavior，24，233-262。
12.	Torgesen, J. K.、Wagner, R. K.、Rashotte, C. A.(1994)。Longitudinal studies of phonological processing and reading。Journal of Learning Disabilities，27(5)，276-286。
13.	Treiman, R.(1987)。On the relationship between phonological awareness and literacy。Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive，7，524-529。
14.	Treiman, R.、Zukowski, A.(1996)。Children's sensitivity to syllables, onsets, rimes, and phonemes。Journal of Experimental Child Psychology，61，193-215。
15.	Wagstaff, J. M.(1997)。Building practical knowledge of letter-sound correspondences: A beginner's word wall and beyond。The Reading Teacher，51(4)，298-304。
16.	Ehri, L. C.、McCormick, S.(1998)。Phases of word learning: Implications for instruction with delayed and disabled readers。Reading and Writing Quarterly: Overcoming Learning Disabilities，14(2)，135-164。
17.	Ehri, L. C.、Wilce, L. S.(1980)。The influence of orthography on readers' conceptualization of the phonemic structure of words。Applied Psycholinguisticst，1，371-385。
18.	Gibson, E.(1969)。Learning to read。Science，148，1066-1072。
19.	Nation, K.、Hulme, C.(1997)。Phonemic segmentation, not onset-rime segmentation, predicts early reading and spelling skills。Reading Research Quarterly，32(2)，154-167。
20.	Yopp, H. K.、Yopp, R. H.(2000)。Supporting phonemic awareness development in the classroom。The Reading Teacher，54(2)，130-145。
21.	Templeton, A.、Morris, D.(1999)。Questions teachers ask about spelling。Reading Research Quarterly，34，102-113。
22.	Goodman, Kenneth S.(1967)。Reading: A psycholinguistic guessing game。Journal of the reading specialist，6(4)，126-135。

會議論文
1.	Jeng, H. S.(2001)。The CEEC SAET word list I and II。The Fifth International Conference on Multimedia Language Education。Taipei：Crane。208-216。
2.	Hu, C. F.、Kai, I. H.(2000)。Training phonemic awareness: Some theoretical and practical concerns。The Ninth International Symposium on English Teaching。Taipei：Crane。
3.	Cheng, C. C.(1997)。Language words with many texts。The First International Conference on Multimedia Language Education。Taipei：Crane。1-12。
4.	Huang, Z. L.(1999)。The study of the cognition of phonics among secondary teachers。The Sixteenth Conference on English Teaching and Learning in the Republic of China。Taipei：Crane。35-50。
5.	張玉玲(2001)。英語歌謠與韻文教學虛擬學園之建置與應用。第五屆國際電腦多媒體語文教學研討會。台北：文鶴。101-123。延伸查詢
6.	郭鳳蘭、江憲坤(2001)。拼字讀音對應字庫與發音教學之研究。第十八屆中華民國語文教學研討會。台北：文鶴。423-434。延伸查詢
7.	郭鳳蘭、江憲坤(2001)。建構一個拼字讀音的多媒體電子學習環境。第五屆國際電腦多媒體語文教學研討會。台北：文鶴。394-407。延伸查詢
8.	鄭恆雄(2001)。大考中心學科能力測驗英文參考詞彙表。第五屆國際多媒體語文教學研討會。台北：文鶴。208-216。延伸查詢

研究報告
1.	Kuo, F. L.(2001)。Word decoding and encoding abilities of Chinese EFL learners (計畫編號：NSC89-2411-H-018-008)。
2.	Chu, H. M.(1997)。A study on junior high school students' pronunciation skill: Focusing on their command of English spelling-sound correspondences (計畫編號：NSC86-2411-H-133-002)。

圖書
1.	Graham, Carolyn(1978)。Jazz chants: Rhythms of American English for students of English as a second language。New York：Oxford University Press。
2.	MOE(2000)。The Taiwan nine-year integrated curriculum word list。
3.	Bear, D. R.、Invernizzi, M.、Templeton, S.、Johnston, F.(2000)。Words their way: Word study for phonics, vocabulary, and spelling instruction。Englewood Cliffs, NJ：Prentice Hall。
4.	Gass, S. M.(1997)。Input, interaction, and the second language learner。Mahwah, NJ：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates。
5.	Gimson, A. G.(1989)。An introduction to the pronunciation of English。London：Edward Arnold。
6.	Graham, C.(1978)。Jazz chants: for children。New York：Oxford University Press。
7.	Harris, J.(1994)。English sound structure。Cambridge：Blackwell。
8.	Kenstowicz, M.(1994)。Phonology in generative grammar。Blackwell。
9.	Ladefoged, P.(2001)。A course in phonetics。New York：Harcourt Brace。
10.	National Institute for Compilation and Translation(1990)。Junior High School English Textbook for Elective Course。Taipei。
11.	National Reading Panel(2000)。Report of the National Reading Panel。Washington, DC：National Institute of Child Health and Development。
12.	Page, G. T.(1995)。The Wordsworth book of spelling rules。Ware, Hertfordshire: England。
13.	Shemesh, R.、Waller, S.(2000)。Teaching English spelling: A practical guide。The United Kingdom：Cambridge University Press。
14.	董媛卿(1990)。英語能力診斷測驗之編製及應用。國立台灣師範大學。延伸查詢
15.	Graham, C.(1986)。Small talk: more jazz chants。New York：Oxford University Press。
16.	Gunning, T. G.(2001)。Building words: A resource manual for teaching word analysis and spelling strategies。Boston：Allyn & Bacon。
17.	Treiman, R.(1993)。Beginning to spell: A study of first-grade children。New York：Oxford University Press。
18.	黃自來(1982)。英語語言史導讀。台北：文鶴。延伸查詢
19.	Nation, I. S. Paul(2001)。Learning Vocabulary in Another Language。Cambridge University Press。
20.	Chapelle, C. A.(2001)。Computer applications in second language acquisition。Cambridge University Press。
21.	Adams, M. J.(1990)。Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print。Cambridge, Massachusetts：MIT Press。
22.	Krashen, Stephen D.(1982)。Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition。Oxford：Permagon Press。

單篇論文
1.	Anderson, K. F.，Aspden, K.(1986)。An analysis of the spelling errors of college students on four complex word patterns(ED 285135)。
2.	Sandra, H. D.(1986)。Teaming the classroom computer with a textbook for teaching phonics to hearing-impaired students(ED 276238)。

圖書論文
1.	Goswami, U.(2000)。Phonological and lexical processes。Handbook of reading research。The United States of America：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Inc。
2.	Stahl, S. A.(2002)。Teaching phonics and phonological awareness。Handbook of early literacy research。The United States of America：The Guilford Press。
3.	Stal, S. A.、Murray, B. A.(1998)。Issues involved in defining phonological awareness and its relation to early reading。Word recognition in beginning literacy。Mahwah, NJ：Erlbaum。
4.	Treiman, R.(1998)。Why spelling? The benefits of incorporating spelling into beginning reading instruction。Word recognition in beginning literacy。Mahwah, NJ：Erlbaum。

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