The essay is divided into three main parts but according to five main headings. In the first part and under the first heading I argue against the view that we should try to understand human life and community in terms of some primitive or original beginnings. This is to get things logically back to front. We must start, not with the first or least perfect, but with the last and most perfect. In the second part and under the second heading I argue that when we do this we will have to say that human nature is essentially communal or essentially a matter of life in the close bonds of communities. Communitarian doctrines, therefore, are the only ones that are adequate to the facts and the goals of human existence. In the third part and under the third to fifth headings I argue that the modern state, both in its minimalist and its more extensive form, can nicely be fitted into a communitarian doctrine of communities if the state, contrary to prevailing assumptions, is understood as primarily and ordinarily acting on communities and not on individuals. Some of the details of this idea are worked out under the three headings of Community and State, Community Rights, and State Rights, where, in particular, the problem of state intervention in communities on behalf of individuals in those communities is dealt with.