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題名：Virtue Epistemology, Extended Cognition, and the Epistemology of Education
書刊名：哲學與文化
作者：Pritchard, Duncan
出版日期：2014
卷期：41:3=478
頁次：頁47-66
主題關鍵詞：延展認知；德性知識論；知態個別主義；教育知識論；Extended cognition；Virtue epistemology；Epistemic individualism；Epistemology of education
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從一個知識論的觀點，我們應該如何瞭解科技在教育中的角色？在一個有關教育知態目摽非常自然的想法，這種科技最多只能扮演一種促進的角色，因為終極來說教育的工作走來強化主體獨自的認知能力。這種確認教育知態目標的方式是可以被加以調和的，只要我們注意到德性知識論為理解教育的知識論提供了一個非常自然的架構。這是因為德性知識論經常在無意間帶入了知態個體論的立場，以致於一個人的認知能力完全被理解為人所「具有的」，「內在的」認知過程。因此當德性知識論被應用到教育的知識論，這似乎更確認了「科技最多只能扮演支持性的角色」這個想法。然而這篇文章要論證的是，德性知識論論的架構與知態地反個體論是可以相容的，如此一來，科技（這個處於主體皮膚之外的東西）將也可以成為主體認知過程的一個構成部分。本文將主張，這種延展的德性知識論具有一些吸引人的特性，另外本文也將進一步探索這個觀點對於教育知識論所產生的一些影響。
How should we, from an epistemological point of view, understand the role of technology in education? On one very natural conception of the epistemic goals of education, such technology can only at best play an enabling role, since ultimately the task of education is to enhance the unaided cognitive abilities of the subject. This way of conceiving of the epistemic goals of education can be compounded once one notices that virtue epistemology offers a very natural framework for understanding the epistemology of education. This is because virtue epistemology often tacitly incorporates a commitment to epistemic individualism, such that one's cognitive abilities are to be understood exclusively in terms of one's 'on board', and thus in this sense 'internal', cognitive processes. Hence, when virtue epistemology is applied to the epistemology of education, this seems to confirm the idea that technology can at best only play a supporting role. It is argued, however, that the virtue epistemology framework is in fact entirely compatible with an epistemic anti-individualism which allows technology which is outwith the skin of the subject to nonetheless form a constitutive part of the subject's cognitive processes. It is claimed that such an extended virtue epistemology has a number of attractive features, and some of its implications for the epistemology of education are explored.
期刊論文
1.Adams, F.(2012)。Extended Cognition Meets Epistemology。Philosophical Explorations，15，107-119。  new window
2.Aizawa, K.(2012)。Distinguishing Virtue Epistemology and Extended Cognition。Philosophical Explorations，15，91-106。  new window
3.Axtell, G.(1997)。Recent Work in Virtue Epistemology。American Philosophical Quarterly，34，410-430。  new window
4.Davydov, V. V.、Kerr, S. T.(1995)。The Influence of L. S. Vygotsky on Education Theory, Research, and Practice。Educational Researcher，24，12-21。  new window
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6.Elgin, C.(1999)。Epistemology’s Ends, Pedagogy's Prospects。Facta Philosophica，1，39-54。  new window
7.Goldberg, S.(2011)。The Division of Epistemic Labour。Episteme，8，112-125。  new window
8.Goldberg, S.(2012)。Epistemic Extendedness, Testimony, and the Epistemology of Instrument-Based Belief。Philosophical Explorations，15，181-197。  new window
9.Greco, J.(1999)。Agent Reliabilism。Philosophical Perspectives，13，273-296。  new window
10.Greco, J.(2007)。The Nature of Ability and the Purpose of Knowledge。Philosophical Issues，17，57-69。  new window
11.Green, A.(2012)。Extending the Credit Theory of Knowledge。Philosophical Explorations，15，121-132。  new window
12.Kallestrup, J.、Pritchard, D. H.(2012)。Robust Virtue Epistemology and Epistemic Anti-Individualism。Pacific Philosophical Quarterly，93，84-103。  new window
13.Hetherington, S.(2012)。The Extended Knower。Philosophical Explorations，15，207-218。  new window
14.Kallestrup, J.、Pritchard, D. H.。Virtue Epistemology and Epistemic Twin Earth。European Journal of Philosophy。  new window
15.Palermos, S. O.(2011)。Belief-Forming Processes, Extended。Review of Philosophy and Psychology，2，741-765。  new window
16.Kirchhoff, M. D.、Newsome, W.(2012)。Distributed Cognitive Agency in Virtue Epistemology。Philosophical Explorations，15，165-180。  new window
17.Menary, R.(2012)。Cognitive Practices and Cognitive Character。Philosophical Explorations，15，147-164。  new window
18.MacAllister, J.(2012)。Virtue Epistemology and the Philosophy of Education。Journal of Philosophy of Education，46(2)，251-270。  new window
19.Pritchard, D. H.(2007)。Recent Work on Epistemic Value。American Philosophical Quarterly，44，85-110。  new window
20.Pritchard, D. H.(2013)。Epistemic Virtue and the Epistemology of Education。Journal of Philosophy of Education，47，236-247。  new window
21.Pritchard, Duncan(2012)。Anti-Luck Virtue Epistemology。The Journal of Philosophy，109(3)，247-279。  new window
22.Pritchard, D. H.(2009)。The Value of Knowledge。Harvard Review of Philosophy，16，2-19。  new window
23.Roberts, T.(2012)。You Do the Maths: Rules, Extension, and Cognitive Responsibility。Philosophical Explorations，15，133-145。  new window
24.Simons, K. D.、Klein, J. D.(2007)。The Impact of Scaffolding and Student Achievement Levels in a Problem-Based Learning Environment。Instructional Science，35(1)，41-72。  new window
25.Sosa, E.(1988)。Skepticism, to the Best of Our Knowledge。Mind，97，153-189。  new window
26.Vaesen, K.(2011)。Knowledge without Credit, Exhibit 4: Extended Cognition。Synthese，181，515-529。  new window
27.Sparrow, Betsy、Liu, J.、Wegner, D. M.(2011)。Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips。Science，333(6043)，776-778。  new window
28.Sutton, K.、Harris, C. B.、Keil, P. G.、Bamier, A. J.(2010)。The Psychology of Memory, Extended Cognition, and Socially Distributed Remembering。Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences，9，521-560。  new window
29.Sterelny, K.(2010)。Minds: Extended or Scaffolded?。Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences，9，469-481。  new window
30.Wood, D.、Middleton, D.(1915)。A Study of Assisted Problem-Solving。British Journal of Psychology，66，181-191。  new window
31.Wheeler, M.(2004)。Is Language the Ultimate Artefact?。Language Science，26，693-715。  new window
32.Clark, A.、Chalmers, D.(1998)。The extended mind: Active externalism。Analysis，58(1)，7-19。  new window
會議論文
1.Elgin, C.(1999)。Education and the Advancement of Understanding。Proceedings of the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy，131-140。  new window
圖書
1.Carr, Nicholas(2010)。The Shallows: How the Internet is Changing the Way We Think, Read and Remember。London：Atlantic Books。  new window
2.Zagzebski, Linda Trinkaus(1996)。Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge。Cambridge University Press。  new window
3.Elgin, Catherine Z.(1996)。Considered Judgment。Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press。  new window
4.Goldberg, S.(2010)。Relying on Others: An Essay in Epistemology。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
5.Greco, J.(2009)。Achieving Knowledge。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
6.Greco, John(2000)。Putting Skeptics in Their Place: The Nature of Skeptical Arguments and Their Role in Philosophical Inquiry。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
7.Greenfield, S.(2013)。2121: A Tale from the Next Century。London：Head of Zeus。  new window
8.Pritchard, Duncan H.、Millar, Alan、Haddock, Adrian(2010)。The Nature and Value of Knowledge: Three Investigations。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
9.Sosa, E.(2007)。A Virtue Epistemology: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge。Oxford：Clarendon Press：Oxford University Press。  new window
10.Sosa, E.(2009)。Reflective Knowledge: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge。Oxford：Clarendon Press：Oxford University Press。  new window
11.Sosa, E.(1991)。Knowledge in Perspective: Selected Essays in Epistemology。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
12.Siegel, H.(1988)。Educating reason: Rationality, critical thinking and education。New York, NY。  new window
13.Goldman, Alvin I.(1986)。Epistemology and cognition。Harvard University Press。  new window
14.Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich、Cole, Michael、John-Steiner,‎ Vera、Scribner, Sylvia、Souberman, Ellen(1978)。Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes。Harvard University Press。  new window
圖書論文
1.Goldman, A.(1979)。What is Justified Belief?。Justification and Knowledge。Dordrecht：Reidel。  new window
2.Greco, J.(2003)。Knowledge as Credit for True Belief。Intellectual Virtue: Perspectives from Ethics and Epistemology。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
3.Kallestrup, J.、Pritchard, D. H.(2013)。Robust Virtue Epistemology and Epistemic Dependence。Knowledge, Virtue and Action: Putting Epistemic Virtues to Work。London：Routledge。  new window
4.Pritchard, D. H.(2009)。Knowledge, Understanding and Epistemic Value。Epistemology (Royal Institute of Philosophy Lectures)。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
5.Pritchard, D. H.、Turri, J.(2011)。Knowledge, the Value of。Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy。  new window
6.Robertson, E.(2009)。The Epistemic Aims of Education。Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Education。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
7.Siegel, H.(2003)。Cultivating Reason。Companion to the Philosophy of Education。Oxford：Blackwe U。  new window
8.Wheeler, M.(2011)。Thinking Beyond the Brain: Educating and Building, From the Standpoint of Extended Cognition。Computational Culture。  new window
9.Zagzebski, Linda(1999)。What is Knowledge?。The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology。Oxford：Blackwell。  new window
 
 
 
 
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