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題名:前瞻指引的國際發展趨勢與對本行的啟示
書刊名:國際金融參考資料
作者:黃富櫻
出版日期:2014
卷期:67
頁次:頁1-39
主題關鍵詞:前瞻指引中央銀行利率貨幣政策
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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一、前瞻指引(Forward Guidance) (一) 前瞻指引並非央行的新種溝通工 具,早在1997 年紐西蘭央行開始定期公布經 濟成長率、通膨率及利率的預測值起,即 已開啟目前俗稱的「前瞻指引」工具,當 時多以“forward looking"稱之,目前則以 “forward guidance"居多,兩者的涵義近 似。 (二) 惟政策利率前瞻指引(forward guidance of policy rate)則屬現代的新種溝通工 具,日本央行在1999 年實施零利率政策,及 2008 年全球金融危機引爆經濟大衰退起,美 國Fed、歐洲央行及英格蘭銀行等相繼調低政 策利率趨近零底限,「政策利率前瞻指引」 頓時化身為渠等央行普遍使用的溝通策略, 其頻率之高(如Fed)與類別之多(如,開放式、 時間條件式、經濟門檻條件式),開啟「前瞻 指引」的繽紛新紀元,成為溝通政策的大變 革與大躍進,政策利率前瞻指引也是本文的 研究重點。 (三) 坦言之,政策利率前瞻指引是一種 「邊學邊做邊改」「摸石頭過河」的「試驗 與修正錯誤(trial and error)」工具,是一種央 行在不熟悉環境下之不熟悉工具。由於它經 常變動的多樣性,有人指責前瞻指引為不可 信賴的工具,宛如忽冷忽熱的不可靠男朋 友,甚至有人指出,「前瞻指引」已悖離央 行慣例取走宴會中雞尾酒缸的傳統實務操作 經驗,央行不但未結束宴會,甚至數度承諾 延長低利率饗宴的時間。 二、「利率期限結構的預期假設」係前瞻指 引的理論基礎 理性預期是現代央行貨幣政策架構的重 要元素,央行若能有效引導市場預期,則可 發揮自動穩定因子功能,前瞻指引即立基於 理性預期中之「利率期限結構的預期假 設」,央行在調整利率時,只要維持公信 力,公開承諾維持調整後政策利率的時間愈 長,對長期殖利率的影響效果愈大。因為總 需求並非單獨由短期利率所決定,而是取決 於期望的長期利率水準,而長期利率係指未 來期望的短期利率加上固定風險溢酬。三、前瞻指引的政策效果、限制與問題及未 來挑戰 (一) 政策效果 前瞻指引在理論上有效,實際已發生的 數據及許多研究報告亦顯示前瞻指引有效, 但在實務上不易衡量及單獨區隔個別政策效 果卻是不爭的事實,迄今亦無任何可靠的計 量模型能正確評估政策效果,學者甚至由前 瞻指引迷思,指出新凱恩斯模型有高估前瞻 指引效果嫌疑。前瞻指引是否有效,目前仍 在發展中,有待歷史加以驗證。 (二) 限制與問題 貨幣政策非萬靈丹,前瞻指引亦然,其 不易發揮期望效果的原因,仍難脫其本質上 的限制與問題。其中以直接連動失業率的門 檻設定最為嚴重,因為就業水準決定於非貨 幣因素,央行無法達成就業目標,更無法控 制短期就業波動。再者,央行在零利率底限 束縛下以權衡考量提供前瞻指引承諾,但權 衡與承諾互為對立,亦屬前瞻指引的主要限 制與問題。 (三) 未來挑戰 全球金融危機引爆經濟大衰退以來,世 界真的變了,風險或不確定性的質與量均異 於往常,真實世界充滿高度不確定性,許多 風險不僅無法衡量,亦無法匡計。前瞻指引 蘊含央行的承諾,一旦情勢逆轉,央行若堅 守承諾,會出現時間不一致問題,恐滋生央 行不負責任的不作為;若無法信守承諾,恐 引發央行不樂見的市場混亂與震盪,而付出 金融不穩定的潛在代價,並侵蝕央行得來不 易的公信力與信譽。值得加以說明的是,如 何回復至常態或續航至新常態貨幣政策,以 及如何在市場升息預期滾雪球浪潮下,央行 仍能如願維持低利率政策一段期間,恐怕是 央行運用前瞻指引工具以來,未經預期的最 嚴峻挑戰。 四、前瞻指引對本行的啟示 前瞻指引是一種無歷史先驗的工具,各 國央行在邊學邊做邊改的過程中,不難習得 寶貴經驗與教訓,其中若干啟示力對本行甚 為重要,茲說明如下: 1、「前瞻指引」凸顯更清楚的溝通較以 往更重要、溝通政策是現代央行貨幣政策的 重要工具、以及金融教育更勝於前瞻指引, 而「與其餵食市場低利率會維持多久的答案 及建議市場專注新的魔法指標,不如教育市 場認識央行如何執行貨幣政策」的主張,再 度凸顯金融教育的重要性及央行在金融教育 的角色,對本行尤具啟示力,蓋因本行的溝 通政策與金融教育工作與他國央行相較,仍 有諸多努力空間,若能加以落實精進,當能 助益社會大眾及市場更了解本行的貨幣政策 反應函數。本行愈能有效管控市場預期,愈 能發揮貨幣政策理性預期的「自動穩定因 子」功能。 2、值得注意的是,研究本文同時發現若 干央行在後金融危機時代,與時俱進專案研究貨幣政策架構及其與金融穩定互動關係的 發展趨勢,亦有其時空背景下的重要性與必 要性。主要係因全球金融危機已導致傳統央 行業務產生典範轉移,傳統、非傳統或新傳 統貨幣政策工具,常態或新常態經濟等尤須 加以全盤研究分析,學者甚至呼籲央行應將 貨幣政策的「傳統制式實證計量模型」轉變 為新主流的「風險管理架構」。
期刊論文
1.黃富櫻(20080600)。主要國家央行推廣金融教育的比較與借鏡。國際金融參考資料,55,152-196。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.Filard, Andrew、Boris, Hofmann(20140309)。Forward Guidance at the Zero Lower Bound。BIS Quarterly Review。  new window
3.吳懿娟(20050600)。臺灣中性短期實質利率的估測。中央銀行季刊,27(2),41-70。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.Bennan, Hamza(20140529)。The art of central banks' forward guidance at the zero lower bound。MPRA Paper,57043。  new window
5.Christense, Jens(20140908)。Assessing Expectations of Monetary policy。FRBSF Economic Letter,2014(27)。  new window
6.Curdi, Vasco、Andrea, Ferrero(20130812)。How Stimulatory Are Large-Scale Asset Purchase?。FRBSF Economic Letter,2013(22)。  new window
7.Del, Negro Marco、Marc, Giannoni、Christina, Patterson(201310)。The Forward Guidance Puzzle。Staff Reports,574。  new window
8.Deutch, Bundesbank(20130820)。The current Economic situation in Germany。Monthly。  new window
9.Issin, Otmar(2014)。Forward Guidance: A New Challenge for Central Banks。White paper series,16。  new window
10.Levi, Andrew、Tack, Yun(201003)。Limitations on the Effectiveness of Forward guidance at the Zero Lower Bound。International Journal of central banking,6(1)。  new window
11.Swanso, Eriv(20130930)。The Zero Lower Bound and longer-Term Yields。FRBSF Economic Letter。  new window
12.William, John C.(2013)。Will unconventional policy be the new normal?。FRBSF Economic Letter,2013-29。  new window
13.Winkelman, Lars(2013)。Quantitative forward guidance and the predictability of monetary policy-A wavelet based jump detection approach。SFB 649 Discussion Paper,2013-016。  new window
14.Friedman, M.(1968)。The Role of Monetary Policy。The American Economic Review,58(1),1-17。  new window
15.黃富櫻(20061200)。央行貨幣政策操作的重要工具:溝通政策。中央銀行季刊,28(4),43-79。new window  延伸查詢new window
16.Krugma, Paul(1999)。It's Baaack: Japan's Slump and the Return of the Liquidity Trap。Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,29(2),137-187。  new window
會議論文
1.Broadben, Ben(20141023)。Monetary policy, asset prices and distribution。The Society of Business Economists Annual Conference。  new window
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3.Carne, Mark(20140925)。Putting the right ideas into practice。The Institute and Faculty of Actuaries General Insurance Conference。Wales。  new window
4.Debell, Guy(20141014)。Volatility and Market Pricing。Citi's 6th Annual Australian and New Zealand Investment Conference。Sydney。  new window
5.Evan, Charles L.(2014)。Patience is a virtue when normalizing monetary policy。Conference on Labor Market Slack, Peterson Institute for International Economics。Washington, D.C。  new window
6.Plosser, Charles I.(20130212)。Forward Guidance。Stanford Institute for Economic research's Associates Meeting。Stanford, CA.。  new window
7.Plosse, Charles I.(20141010)。Communicating a Systematic Monetary Policy。Society of American Business Editors and Writers Fall Conference City University of New York(CUNY) Graduate School of Journalism。New York。  new window
8.Weidman, Jens(2013)。The stability of the financial system with European Monetary Union。The conference of the Bavarian Association of Cooperatives (Genossenschaftsverband Bayern),(會議日期: 11 July)。Munich。  new window
9.Wilkin, Carolyn(20140922)。Monetary Policy and the Underwhelming Recovery。The CFA Society Toronto。  new window
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11.Yelle, Janet L.(20140702)。Monetary policy and financial stability。The 2014 Michel Camdessus Central Banking Lecture。IMF。  new window
研究報告
1.Baue, M. D.、Rudebussch, G. D.(2014)。Monetary policy expectations at the zero lower bound。  new window
2.Koo, Clemens J. M.(2012)。How Effective Is Central Bank Forward Guidance?。Louis:Federal Reserve Bank of ST。  new window
3.Krippne, Leo(2013)。A Tractable Framework for Zero-lower-bound Gaussian Term Structure Models。  new window
4.Rudebusc, Glenn(2008)。Revealing the secrets of the temple:The value of publishing central bank interest rate projections。  new window
5.Wernin, Ivan(2012)。Managing a Liquidity Trap:Monetary and Fiscal Policy。  new window
6.Wu, Jing Cynthia(2014)。Measuring the macroeconomic impact of monetary policy at the Zero lower bound。  new window
圖書
1.黃富櫻(2013)。央行前瞻指引溝通政策。  延伸查詢new window
2.Bernank, B.(20071114)。Federal Reserve Communications。Washington, D.C.:Cato Institute。  new window
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5.Federal, Reserve(2012)。Principles regarding Fed's longer-run goals and monetary policy strategy。  new window
6.Gavi, William Y.、Benjamin, D.、Keen, Alenauder(2013)。The stimulative effect of forward guidance。Louis:Federal Reserve Bank of ST.。  new window
7.Haa, Wouter den(2013)。Forward Guidance:perspectives from Central Bankers, Scholars and Market Participants。A VoxEU.org eBook。  new window
8.IMF(2013)。Unconventional Monetary Policies-Recent Experience and prospects。IMF staffs.。  new window
9.IMF(201410)。World Economic Outlook。  new window
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11.Plosse, Charles I.(20140906)。The Economic Outlook。FLAmelia Island, FL.。  new window
12.Polo, Stephen S.(2014)。Integrating Uncertainty and Monetary Policy-Making:A Practitioner's Perspective。Bank of Canada。  new window
13.Shira, Sayuri(2013)。Monetary Policy and Forward Guidance in Japan。Bank of Japan。  new window
14.Yelle, Janet L.(2012)。Revolution and evolution in central bank communication。Berkeley, California:Haas School of business, University of California。  new window
單篇論文
1.Woodfor, Michael(2012)。Methods of Policy Accommodation at the Interest-Rate Lower Bound,Columbia University。  new window
其他
1.Atkin, Ralph(20130915)。Central banks struggle to get their message across, says survey。  new window
2.Barwel, Richard(20130913)。Turning forward guidance into 20:20 vision。  new window
3.Bernank, B.(20041007)。Central Bank Talk and Monetary Policy (Speech given at the Japan Society Corporate Luncheon),New York。  new window
4.(20130620)。BOE's King says expectations less umportant than economic conditions。  new window
5.(20130913)。Economists criticize incomplete' Bank of England guidance。  new window
6.(20130814)。BOE's Weale votes against forward guidance。  new window
7.(20130925)。RBNG institutional set-up makes forward guidance easier, says Grimes。  new window
8.(20140625)。Carney clashes with parliamentarians over unreliable forward guidance。  new window
9.(20141017)。Poloz recommends dropping forward guidance as conditionsnormalise。  new window
10.Conwa(20130807)。Forward Guidance: A Monetary Policy Gamble。  new window
11.Mishki, Frederic S.(2004)。Can Central Bank Transpancy Go Too Far?,http://www.rba.gov.au/PublicationsandResearch/Conferences/2004/index.html。  new window
12.Pettinge, Tejvan(20130805)。Forward guidance in monetary policy,http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/7732。  new window
圖書論文
1.Blanchar, Olivier(201304)。Rethinking Macro Policy II: Getting Granular。IMF Staff Discussion Note。  new window
2.Campbel, Jeffrey R.、Charles, L. Evans、Jonas, D. M.(2012)。Macroeconomic Effects of Federal Reserve Forward Guidance。Brookings Papers on Economic Activity。Spring。  new window
3.Kin, R. G.(1994)。Comment on toward a modern Macroeconomic Model Usable for Policy Analysis。NBER Macroeconomic Annual。  new window
4.Krippne, Leo(201203)。Modifying Gaussian term structure models when interest rates are near the zero bound。Reserve Bank of New Zealand Discussion paper series。  new window
5.Row, Nick(20141016)。Dumb questions about forward guidance in New Keynesianmodels。Worthwhile Canadian Initiative。  new window
6.Woodfor, Michael(1999)。Optimal Monetary Inertia。The Manchester School。  new window
 
 
 
 
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