In their 490th decision concerning the refusal (onscientious objection) of Jehovah Witnesses to serve in the army, the grand justices of the Judicial Yuan have explicated the conceptions of “freedom of belief" and “army service justice." This article will discuss the“inner" and “derivative" aspects of, along with the limitations concerning, the “freedom of belief." It will then take up the question of whether punishing “conscientious objection" would constitute“the punishment of one act twice." Based on “Der Grundsats der Verhältnismässigkeit,” the article will then determine whether or not the 490th decision is appropriate. The article will then introduce the“social service’, system and explain how it can constitute a resolution to the problem. Finally, it will examine the 490th decision in terms of the constitutional basis of the “social service" system and raise suggestions for improvement.