Large quantities of hanjian (Chinese nationals working for the Japanese authorities) fled to Macau after the victory of the anti-Japanese war in order to avoid charges of treason. The arrival of the second troop led by Zhang Fakui to Guangdong marked the launch of the campaign to prosecute hanjian in Macau. The campaign did not begin smoothly, with the Portuguese-Macau authorities being negative on this matter. Repeated negotiations over handing over Ko Ho Ning, who was regarded by the Chinese authorities as “economic hanjian” bore to no avail. The protection of Ko by the Portuguese-Macau authorities symbolised its basic attitude over Chinese businessmen such as Fu Tam Yan, Chuen Chi Kwon and Leung Kei Ho. Ko protested the charges made by the Canton High Court, and was finally “cleared”. The hanjian prosecution campaign concluded without concrete results in the end.