由美國國會辯論分析「密蘇里協議」始末(1818~1821)__臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫

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題名：	由美國國會辯論分析「密蘇里協議」始末(1818~1821)
書刊名：	臺灣師大歷史學報
作者：	盧令北
作者(外文)：	Lu, Ling-pei
出版日期：	2018
卷期：	59
頁次：	頁141-190
主題關鍵詞：	美國奴隸制度；路易斯安那購地；密蘇里州；密蘇里協議；1820年協議；西北條例；美國憲法；美國國會；州權；美國南方；美國內戰；American slavery；Louisiana purchase；Missouri compromise；Compromise of 1820；Northwestern ordinance
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:5

1818年，「密蘇里領地」（Missouri Territory）向國會提出申請，欲成為聯邦正式一州，但此升格案卻在國會審議過程中引發軒然大波。北方國會議員在密蘇里升格案中附加但書，要求密蘇里在升格前，必須放棄已在當地行之多年的奴隸制度。北方此舉立刻引發南方各州強烈反彈，南方國會議員強調，奴隸制度既受《美國憲法》規範，斷不得由國會逕行廢止，而憲法亦未授予國會此項權力。「密蘇里協議」（Missouri Compromise）的整起過程，凸顯了奴隸制度在美國社會的複雜性，以及解決此問題的難度。其主要癥結之一，是在現行的政治架構下，國會究竟有無權力禁止地方蓄奴，甚至直接宣告廢止奴隸制度。「密蘇里領地」是否能成為聯邦正式一州，在歷經三年的國會激烈辯論後，終於塵埃落定。1820 年3 月，南北國會議員終於就密蘇里加入聯邦一事達成共識，史稱「密蘇里協議」或「1820年協議」（Compromise of 1820）。

以文找文

In 1818, after the Missouri Territory applied for statehood, several congressmen representing the North argued that Congress could not approve of the application until Missouri abolished slavery, an institution that had existed in Missouri before it became a territory of the United States in 1803. Congressmen representing the South, however, opposed the motion, arguing that slavery was an institution protected by the constitution. The conflict between the North and South on the issue of Missouri became ＂the most portentous one which ever yet threatened our Union,＂ as Thomas Jefferson wrote in 1820. The Missouri controversy exposed the complexity of slavery in American society and intensified the struggle between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces. After a series of congressional debates and negotiations, a final agreement was finally reached in 1821 allowing Missouri to be admitted to the Union as a slave state. This article examines congressional records from 1818 to 1821 to explore the myths and facts surrounding Missouri's controversial application for statehood. It examines major arguments used by northern and southern congressmen on the Missouri question, and in the process reveals the underlying forces that shaped the compromises of 1820 and 1821.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	盧令北(20120600)。由「必要之惡」至「全然有益」：內戰前美國擁奴思想的發展與轉變。成大歷史學報，42，55-116。延伸查詢
2.	Deyle, Steven(1992)。The Irony of Liberty: Origins of the Domestic Slave Trade。Journal of the Early Republic，12(1)，37-62。
3.	Roane, Spencer(1901)。Missouri Compromise: Letters to James Barbour, Senator of Virginia in the Congress of the United States。The William and Mary Quarterly，10(1)，5-24。

圖書
1.	Dubois, Laurent(2004)。Avengers of the New World: the Story of the Haitian Revolution。Cambridge, Mass：Belknap Press of Harvard University Press。
2.	Peterson, Merrill D.(1989)。Visitors to Monticello。Charlottesville：University Press of Virginia Press。
3.	Moore, Glover(1966)。The Missouri Controversy 1819-1821。Lexington：University of Kentucky Press。
4.	NESBITT, Nick(2008)。Universal Emancipation: the Haitian Revolution and the Radical Enlightenment。Charlottesville, Virginia：University of Virginia Press。
5.	Adams, John Quincy、Adams, Charles Francis(1875)。Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848。Philadelphia, PA：J. B. Lippincott & Co.。
6.	Benton, Thomas Hart(1854)。Thirty Years' View: or, A History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years, From 1820 To 1850。New York：D. Appleton。
7.	Cluskey, Michael W.(1860)。The Political Text-Book, or Encyclopedia: Containing Everything Necessary for the Reference of the Politicians and Statesmen of the United。Philadelphia：Jas. B. Smith & Co.。
8.	Colton, Calvin(1855)。The Private Correspondence of Henry Clay。New York：A. S. Barns & Company。
9.	Edwards, Ninian(1870)。History of Illinois, from 1778-1833: and Life and Times of Ninian Edwards。Springfield：The Illinois State Journal Company。
10.	Greeley, Horace(1856)。A History of the Struggle for Slavery Extension or Restriction in the United States, from the Declaration of Independence to the Present Day。New York：Dix. Edwards & Co.。
11.	Missouri(1825)。Laws of the State of Missouri。St. Louis, Mo：Printed by E. Charless, for the State。
12.	New York (State)(1818)。Laws of the State of New York, Passed at the Fortieth, Ch. CXXXVII, An Act Relative to Slaves and Servants Session。Albany：Websters and Skinners。
13.	Randolph, Thomas Jefferson(1829)。Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies from the Papers of Thomas Jefferson。Charlottesville：F. Carr & Co.。
14.	Stoddard, Amos. Sketches(1812)。Historical and Descriptive of Louisiana。Philadelphia：Mathew Carey。
15.	de Tocqueville, Alexis(1862)。Democracy in America。London：Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts。
16.	Woodburn, James A.(1894)。The Historical Significance of the Missouri Compromise。Washington：Government Printing Office。
17.	羅智淵(1987)。美國政府及政治。臺北：正中書局。延伸查詢
18.	Brown, Everett Somerville(1926)。The Missouri Compromises and Presidential Politics, 1820-1825, from the Letters of William Plumer, Junior, Representative from New Hampshire。St. Louis：Missouri Historical Society。
19.	Cooper, William J.、Terrill, Thomas E.(2009)。The American South: A History。Lanham, Maryland：Rowman & Littlefield Publishers。
20.	Copeland, David A.(2003)。The Antebellum Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1820 to 1860。Westport, CT：Greenwood Press。
21.	Dixon, Archibald(1903)。History of Missouri Compromise and Slavery in American Politics。Cincinnati：The Robert Clark Company。
22.	Dooley, Patricia L.(2004)。The Early Republic: Primary Documents on Events from 1799 to 1820。Westport, CT：Greenwood Press。
23.	Fehrenbacher, Don E.(1980)。The South and Three Sectional Crises。Louisiana State University Press。
24.	Finkelman, Paul、Kennon, Donald R.(2008)。Congress and the Emergence of Sectionalism: From the Missouri Compromise to the Age of Jackson。Athens, Ohio：Ohio University Press。
25.	Forbes, Robert Pierce(2009)。The Missouri Compromise and Its Aftermath: Slavery & the Meaning of America。Chapel Hill：The University of North Carolina Press。
26.	Jefferson, Thomas、Ford, Paul Leicester(1905)。The Works of Thomas Jefferson。New York：G. P. Putnam's Sons。
27.	Freehling, William W.(1991)。The Road to Disunion: Volume I: Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854。New York：Oxford University Press。
28.	Geggus, David Patrick、Fiering, Norman(2009)。The World of the Haitian Revolution。Bloomington：Indiana University Press。
29.	George, James Zachariah、Leavell, William Hayne(1915)。The Political History of Slavery in the United States。New York：The Neal Publishing Company。
30.	Gold, Susan Dudley(2010)。Legislation: Missouri Compromise。New York：Marshall Cavendish Benchmark。
31.	Hall, Matthew W.(2015)。Dividing the Union: Jesse Burgess Thomas and the Making of the Missouri Compromise。Carbondale, IL：Southern Illinois University Press。
32.	Houck, Louis(1908)。A History of Missouri from the Earliest Explorations and Settlements Until the Admission of the State Into the Union。Chicago：R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company。
33.	Hunt, Gaillard(1910)。The Writings of James Madison。New York：G. P. Putnam's Sons。
34.	Murray, Stanislaus(1902)。The Writings of James Monroe, Including a Collection of His Public and Private Papers and Correspondence Now for the First Time Printed。New York：G. P. Putnam's Sons。
35.	Nivola, Pietro S.、Kastor, Peter J.(2012)。What So Proudly We Hailed: Essays on the Contemporary Meaning of the War of 1812。Washington D.C.：Brookings Institution Press。
36.	Phillips, Ulrich B.(1966)。American Negro Slavery。Baton Rouge：Louisiana State University。
37.	Rhodes, James F.(1907)。History of the United States: From the Compromise of 1850 to the Final Restoration of Home Rule at the South in 1877。New York：The MacMillan Company。
38.	Shoemaker, Floyd Calvin(1916)。Missouri's Struggle for Statehood, 1804-1821。Jefferson City：The Hugh Stephens Printing Co.。
39.	Stathis, Stephen W.(2009)。Landmark Debates in Congress: From the Declaration of Independence to the War in Iraq。Washington, D.C：CQ Press。
40.	Tomlins, Christopher(2010)。Freedom Bound: Law, Labor, and Civic Identity in Colonizing English America。New York：Cambridge University Press。
41.	Van Tyne, C. H.(1902)。The Letters of Daniel Webster, From Documents Owned Principally by the New Hampshire Historical Society。New York, McClure：Phillips & co。

其他
1.	(18200307)。Missouri Question-Settled!，Richmond, Virginia。
2.	(18200307)。Missouri，Chester, Pennsylvania。
3.	(18200310)。Missouri Question，Raleigh, North Carolina。
4.	Stokes, Montford(18200317)。Missouri Question，Raleigh, North Carolina。
5.	(18201223)。Missouri，Philadelphia。
6.	(18190407)。To the People of Missouri，St. Louis, Missouri。
7.	(18191221)。The Missouri Question，Richmond, Virginia。
8.	(18200228)。The Missouri Question Settled，Washington, D.C。
9.	(18200303)。Slavery，New York。
10.	(18200303)。The Question Settled，Washington, D.C。
11.	Debates and Proceedings, 1789-1824, Annals of Congress，https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwaclink.html。
12.	Louisiana Purchase Treaty (1803)，http://www.ourdocuments.gov/ doc.php?flash=true&doc=18。
13.	Treaty of San Ildefonso: October 1, 1800，http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/ildefens.asp。
14.	Western Sun & General Advertiser，https://newspapers.library.in.gov/cgi-bin/indiana?a=d&d=WSGA18200415.1.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------。
15.	Transcript of the Constitution of the United States，http://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm。

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