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題名:
Children's Problems with Inference Making: Causes and Consequences
書刊名:
教育心理學報
作者:
珍.奧克西爾
/
凱特.肯恩
作者(外文):
Oakhill, Jane
/
Cain, Kate
出版日期:
2018
卷期:
49:4
頁次:
頁683-699
主題關鍵詞:
理解困難
;
推論能力
;
詞彙深度
;
Comprehension difficulties
;
Inference abilities
;
Vocabulary depth
原始連結:
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相關次數:
被引用次數:期刊(
3
) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
排除自我引用:
3
共同引用:0
點閱:3
理解篇章不僅僅只要讀懂個別的字詞和語句,並且也要能建構一個有關通篇文章的統整模式,稱之為心智模式或者情境模式。在本文的第一部分,我們區分幾種讀者理解文章時會出現的推論:一種是必要性推論(包括局部與整體層次的推論),另一種是可以豐富讀者的理解,但是並非必需的“單純精緻化”推論。然後我們接著討論有特定理解困難的兒童問題(界定為他們識字能力達到該有的年齡水準,但是對於篇章的理解能力偏弱)。我們描述這類兒童在回答根據文章進行推論性問題的困難點,並且呈現證據說明這類的困難和理解技能具有因果關係,我們更進一步討論詞彙能力和推論技能的雙向關係。推論技能對於有助於讀者運用的文章脈絡線索推敲出不熟悉字詞的意義;反之,如果讀者具有深度的詞彙知識(即對詞彙所知的一切)與快速提取詞彙的能力,也有助於進行推論。
以文找文
Understanding a text requires not only understanding the individual words and sentences, but also requires the construction of an integrated model of the text as a whole: a Mental Model (Johnson-Laird, 1983) or Situation Model (Kintsch, 1998). In the first part of this paper, we differentiate between the types of inference that occur as a reader understands a text: necessary inferences (at both the local and global level) and 'merely elaborative' inferences, which might embellish the reader's understanding, but which are not essential to it. We then go on to discuss the problems of children who have a Specific Comprehension Difficulty (i.e. they are able to read words at an age-appropriate level but, nevertheless, have a poor understanding of the text overall). We describe the particular difficulties that such children have in answering inferential questions about a text, and outline the evidence that such difficulties are causally related to comprehension skill. We then discuss the reciprocal relation between vocabulary skills and inference making. Inference skills have a clear role in helping readers to derive the meanings of unknown words from text through the use of contextual cues and, conversely, deep vocabulary knowledge (what is known about words), and rapid access to that knowledge, can support inference making.
以文找文
期刊論文
1.
Yuill, Nicola、Oakhill, Jane(1988)。Effects of inference awareness training on poor reading comprehension。Applied Cognitive Psychology,2(1),33-45。
2.
Tannenbaum, K. R.、Torgesen, J. K.、Wagner, R. K.(2006)。Relationships between word knowledge and reading comprehension in third grade children。Scientific Studies of Reading,10(4),381-398。
3.
Weekes, B. S.、Hamilton, S.、Oakhill, J. V.、Holliday, R. E.(2008)。False recollection in children with reading comprehension difficulties。Cognition,106(1),222-233。
4.
Cain, K.、Bryant, P. E.、Oakhill, J. V.(2000)。Investigating the causes of reading comprehension failure: The comprehension-age match design。Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal,12,31-40。
5.
Oakhill, J. V.、Cain, K.(2012)。The precursors of reading ability in young readers: evidence from a four-year longitudinal study。Scientific Studies of Reading,16(2),91-121。
6.
Roediger, Henry L.、McDermott, Kathleen B.(1995)。Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists。Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,21(4),803-814。
7.
Sachs, Jacqueline Strunk(1967)。Recognition memory for syntactic and semantic aspects of connected discourse。Perception & Psychophysics,2(9),437-442。
8.
Bransford, J. D. M.、Johnson, M. K.(1972)。Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall。Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,11,717-726。
9.
Cunningham, Anne E.、Stanovich, Keith E.(1998)。What reading does for the mind。American Educator,22(1/2),8-15。
10.
Bransford, J. D.、Franks, J. J.(1971)。The abstraction of linguistic ideas。Cognitive Psychology,2(4),331-350。
11.
Ouellette, G. P.(2006)。What's meaning got to do with it: The role of vocabulary in word reading and reading comprehension。Journal of Educational Psychology,98(3),554-566。
12.
Barnes, M. A.、Dennis, M.、Haefele-Kalvaitis, J.(1996)。The effects of knowledge availability and knowledge accessibility on coherence and elaborative inferencing in children from six to fifteen years of age。Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,61(3),216-241。
13.
Currie, N. K.、Cain, K.(2015)。Children's inference generation: The role of vocabulary and working memory。Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,137,57-75。
14.
Deese, J.(1959)。On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate Recall。Journal of Experimental Psychology,58(1),17-22。
15.
Perfetti, Charles A.(2007)。Reading ability: Lexical quality to comprehension。Scientific Studies of Reading,11(4),357-383。
16.
Graesser, A. C.、Singer, M.、Trabasso, T.(1994)。Constructing Inferences during Narrative Text Comprehension。Psychological Review,101(3),371-395。
17.
Cain, K.、Oakhill, J.(2011)。Matthew effects in young readers: reading comprehension and reading experience aid vocabulary development。Journal of Learning Disabilities,44(5),431-443。
18.
Corbett, A. J.、Dosner, B. A.(1978)。Instrument inferences in sentence encoding。Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,17,479-491。
19.
Elbro, C.、Buch-Iversen, I.(2013)。Activation of Background Knowledge for Inference Making: Effects on Reading Comprehension。Scientific Studies of Reading,17(6),435-452。
20.
McDermott, K. B.、Chan, J. C. K.(2006)。Effects of repetition on memory for pragmatic inferences。Memory & Cognition,34(6),1273-1284。
21.
McNamara, D. S.、Magliano, J.(2009)。Toward a Comprehensive Model of Comprehension。Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory,51,297-384。
22.
Perfetti, C.、Yang, C. L.、Schmalhofer, F.(2008)。Comprehension skill and word-to-text integration processes。Applied Cognitive Psychology,22(3),303-318。
23.
Perfetti, C. A.、Wlotko, E. W.、Hart, L. A.(2005)。Word learning and individual differences in word learning reflected in event-related potentials。Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition,31(6),1281-1292。
24.
Thorndyke, P. W.(1976)。The role of inferences in discourse comprehension。Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,15,437-446。
25.
Cain, K.、Oakhill, J. V.(1999)。Inference making ability and its relation to comprehension failure in young children。Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal,11(5/6),489-503。
26.
Oakhill, Jane(1984)。Inferential and memory skills in children's comprehension of stories。British Journal of Educational Psychology,54(1),31-39。
27.
Cain, K.、Lemmon, K.、Oakhill, J.(2004)。Individual differences in the inference of word meanings from context: The influence of reading comprehension, vocabulary knowledge, and memory capacity。Journal of Educational Psychology,96(4),671-681。
28.
Kintsch, Walter(1988)。The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction-integration model。Psychological Review,95(2),163-182。
29.
Cain, K.、Oakhill, J. V.、Barnes, M. A.、Bryant, P. E.(2001)。Comprehension Skill, Inference Making Ability and Their Relation to Knowledge。Memory and Cognition,29(6),850-859。
圖書
1.
Dunn, L. M.、Dunn, L.、Whetton, C.、Pintillie, D.(1982)。British picture vocabulary scale。Windsor, Canada:NFER-Nelson。
2.
Johnson-Laird, Philip Nicholas(1983)。Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness。Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press。
3.
MacGinitie, W. H.、MacGinitie, R. K.、Maria, K.、Dreyer, L. G.(2000)。Gates-MacGinitie Reading Tests。Itasca, IL:Riverside。
4.
Neale, M. D.(1997)。The Neale Analysis of Reading Ability- Revised (NARA-II)。Windsor, England:NFER-Nelson。
5.
Kintsch, Walter(1998)。Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition。Cambridge University Press。
圖書論文
1.
Nagy, W. E.、Scott, J.(2000)。Vocabulary processes. Handbook of reading research。Handbook of reading research。Mahwah, NJ:Erlbaum。
2.
Oakhill, J. V.、Cain, K.、McCarthy, D.(2015)。Inference Processing in Children: the contributions of depth and breadth of vocabulary knowledge。Inferences During Reading。Cambridge University Press。
3.
Perfetti, C. A.、Hart, L.(2001)。The lexical basis of comprehension skill。On the consequences of meaning selection: Perspectives on resolving lexical ambiguity。Washington, DC:APA。
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