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題名:The Direct Jeffersonian/Ultra-Jeffersonian Stimuli to SOS'S Initial Activism: The New Abolitionists' Ultra-Jeffersonian Civil-Rights Movement
書刊名:東吳政治學報
作者:郭仁孚
出版日期:1992
卷期:1
頁次:頁15-122
主題關鍵詞:民主會民權運動傑佛遜式新廢奴主義實踐主義學生
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本文為關於早期美國新左派與美國民主傳統之間關係的一系列論文之第三篇,其主要目的在於探討直接激勵「學生民主會」初期實踐主義的新廢奴主義者的極端傑佛遜式民權運動興起的歷史和時代背景,敘述與分析該運動本身的過程,以及評估該運動的結果。 在新廢奴主義者的極端傑佛遜式民權運動興起的歷史背景方面,作者發現了連續三時期的相關特徵,首先,在美國南北戰爭戰後的極端傑佛遜重建時期中美國國會在極端傑佛遜的共和黨議員控制之下,針對已獲得自但並未獲與白人平等地位的美國黑人,通過了給予其立即與完全平等權利的憲法修正案及法律。其次,在一八七三至一八九六年間,美國最高法院所作的半傑佛遜式司法判決,對美國憲法作狹意的解釋,意外的曲解了傑弗遜式的平等,因而產生了癱瘓旨在強制美國黑白人之間平等民權的立法的不幸後果。最後,在一八八四至一九一四年卅年反傑佛遜的歧視黑人法律期中,反傑佛遜的南方州議會故意通過施行於全南方的種族隔離法,藉此剝奪黑人與白人平等的一切權利,並使黑人日常生活的各方面均處於種族隔離與歧視的法規之下,於是種族隔離及歧視法替代了奴隸制,成為使黑人淪為二等公民的隸屬與悲慘地位的社會工具。 在新廢奴主義者的極端傑佛遜式民權運動起的時代背方面,作者發現主要的民權組織為由極端傑佛遜主義者所創建的「全國有觸人種促進會」,但該會後來的發展並未達成其創建時義預定的極端佛遜目標,因該會自限於傑佛遜式而極端傑佛遜式平等並且依賴司法程序而非眾抗爭的策略,以達成黑人與白人之間的平等。在分析該會的司法訴訟方面,作者之所以將注意力集中於一九五○年代的學校隔離訴訟案上,乃因過去半傑佛遜的最高法院就是在這些訴訟案上才對該會對傑佛遜式的不平等的傑佛遜式挑戰作了傑佛遜式的回應。雖然傑佛遜式的布朗判判決對長羕的民權運動具有極端傑佛遜式的影響,但最高法院的執行判決卻出乎意料的替南方超過十年以上的反傑佛遜式抗拒傑佛遜式取消種族隔離舖路。在這種情勢之下,其他民權組織便非使用極端傑佛遜式方法以達到傑佛遜式目的不可了。作者只抽出其中兩個組織加以研討,其一為「種族平等協會」,其二為「南方基督教領導聯盟」,前都對後來的極傑佛遜主義者樹立了如何應用非暴力直接行動的首次範例。後者的著名領袖馬丁路德金不僅組織了有名的蒙特馬利群眾抵制公車事件,而且替新極端傑佛遜廢奴主義者留下以愛而非恨去不遵守不正義法律的非暴力直接行動的哲學。 在上述的歷史及時代背景中,作者找出了新廢奴主義者極端傑佛遜式民權運動的心理根源:即黑人大學生對美國民主政治在傳統上處理種族隔離及種族歧視的緩慢程序的不耐煩心態。本文的主體即對該民權運動本身的敘述與分析,在敘述方面,作者的動點乃置於原始的自發性靜坐運動如何產生一個與舊民權組織的傑佛遜式目的與極端傑佛遜式方法共同但獨立的新民權組織—「學生非暴力協調委員會」該會在協調廣泛散佈的靜坐運動方面遭遇到何種困難,以及該會如何籍積極參與「自由乘車」而延續該運動的活力三點上。在分析方面,作者的焦點乃集中於「學生非暴力協調委員會」的非暴力直接行重或群眾之集體拒絕守法之極端傑佛遜功能:亦即該會之連續使用非正規的傑佛遜民主方法(偶而的溫和判亂)作為其立即實踐其民主目的之正規民主方法作者所強調的是:該會在使非暴力直接行重或群眾集體拒絕守法之際,該會實即在對非傑佛遜的民主方法作極端傑佛遜式的挑戰。 最後,作者對於新廢奴主義者極端佛孫式民權運動結果之評估,係著眼於其特定目標的達成,象徵性的收獲,及一般性的成就,在其一般成就中之最大者,莫過於由甘尼迪總統提議,經詹森總統敦促,並經國會通過及獲得最高法院支持之一九六四年民權法案。這些美國聯邦政府各部門在對群眾為反抗反傑佛遜種族不平等而採取直接行動的反應中,都各自採取了傑佛遜的立場。
This the third essay of the series of essays on the relationships between the early American New Left and the American tradition of democracy. It consists of five parts. It begins with an examination of the historical background of the emergence of new abolitionists’’ Ultra-Jeffersonian Civil-Rights Movement: the Republicans-controlled congress’s post-civil war Ultra-Jeffersonian Reconstruction period, the period of the supreme court’s semi-Jeffersonian judicial decisions made between 1873 and 1896, and southern state legislatures’ three decades of an anti-Jeffersonian Jim Crow era, 1884-1914. The examination is followed by an investigation of the contemporary background of the rise of the movement: NAACP’s Jeffersonian challenge to anti- Jeffersonian inequality and the supreme court’s Jeffersonian response to the challenge (the school segregation cases of the 1950’s and the Brown decision), CORE and SCLC’s use of Ultra- Jeffersonian means to seek Jeffersonian end. The central parts of this essay consist both of a description and an analysis of the process of the movement per se, whose psychological root lay at the heart of its historical and contemporary backgrounds: black college students’ Ultra- Jeffersonian mood of impatience with the slow process in which American democracy had traditionally dealt with racial segregation and racial discrimination. The description centers around SNCC’s part in sit-in movement and Freedom rides. The analysis focuses on the Ultra- Jeffersonian function of SNCC’s non-violent direct action or massive Civil disobedience, i.e., its constant use of irregular Jeffersonian means of democracy as its regular democratic means to immediate fulfillment of its democratic end. Before the essay ends up, the consequence of the movement are estimated in terms of its specific targets, symbolic gains, and general achievements the greatest of which was the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
期刊論文
1.Kuo, Ren-Fuw(1990)。The Indirect Jeffersonian/Ultra-Jeffersonian Sources of SDS's Initial Activism: Jefferson's Democratic Doctrine of Protecting Equal Human Rights and the Old Abolitionists' Ultra-Jeffersonian Anti-Slavery Movement。Soochow Journal of Social and Political Sciences,14。  new window
2.Braden, Anne(1965)。The Southern Freedom Movement in perspective。Monthly Review,17。  new window
圖書
1.Key, V. O. Jr.(1949)。Southern Politics。New York:Alfred A. Knopf。  new window
2.Bacciocco, Edward J.(1974)。The New Left in America: Reform to Revolution 1956-1970。Stanford, Calif.:Hoover Institution Press。  new window
3.Zinn, Howard(1964)。SNCC: The New Abolitionists。Boston:Beacon Press。  new window
4.Peterson, Merrill D.(1962)。The Jefferson Image in the American Mind。New York:Oxford University Press。  new window
5.Vickers, George R.(1975)。The Formation of the New Left: The Early Years。Lexington, Mass.:D. C. Heath and Company。  new window
6.Teodori, Massimo(1969)。The New Left: A Documentary History。Indianapolis:New York:The Bobbs-Merrill co.。  new window
7.Blaustein, Albert P.、Zangrando, Robert L.(1968)。Civil Rights and the American Negro: A Documentary History。New York:Trident Press。  new window
8.Frazier, E. Franklin(1957)。The Negro in the United States。New York:The Macmillan Company。  new window
9.Ekirch, Arther A.(1963)。The American Democratic Tradition: A History。New York:The Macmillan Co.。  new window
10.Dye, Thomas R.(1971)。The Politics of Equality。Indianapolis:New York:The Bobbs-Merill Company。  new window
11.Congressional quarterly(1968)。Revolution in civil Rights。Washington, D.C.:Congressional Quarterly, Inc.。  new window
12.Commager, Henry Steele(1967)。The Struggle for Racial Equality: A Documentary Record。New York:Harper and Row。  new window
13.King, Martin Luther(1964)。Why We Can't Wait。New York:Harper and Row。  new window
14.King, Martin Luther(1964)。Stride Toward Freedom。New York:Perennial Liberacy。  new window
15.Gettell, Raymond G.(1928)。History of American Political Thought。New York:D. Appleton-Century Co.。  new window
16.Lazer, Harry(1967)。The American Political system in Transition。New York:Thomas Y. Crowell Co.。  new window
17.Lomax, Louis(1963)。The Negro Revolt。New York:New American Library。  new window
18.Newfield, Jack(1966)。A Prophetic Minority。New York:The New American Libracy, Inc.。  new window
19.Peck, James(1962)。Freedom Ride。New York:Simon and Schuster, Inc.。  new window
圖書論文
1.Clark, Kenneth B.(1970)。The Civil Rights Movement: Momentum and Organization。Roots of Rebellion: The Evolution of Black Politics and Protest Since World War II。New York:Harper and Row。  new window
2.Braden, Anne(1969)。The Southern Freedom Movement, the Student Revolt: 1960-1961。The New left: A Documentary History。  new window
3.Harding, Vincent(1968)。Black Radicalism: The Road from Montgomery。Dissent: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism。DeKalb, IL:Northern Illinois University Press。  new window
4.Lewis, John(1969)。A Serious Revolution。The New Left: A Documentary History。  new window
5.SCLC(1965)。This is SCLC。Negro Protest Thought in the Twentieth Century。Indianapolis:The Bobbs-Merrill Company。  new window
6.Roche, John P.(1966)。Equality in America。All Men are Created Equal。Detroit:Wayne State University Press。  new window
7.Zinn, Howard(1969)。How Democratic is America?。How Democratic is America?。Chicago:Rand McNally and Co.。  new window
 
 
 
 
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