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題名:
On the Illocutionary Force: Its Form and Function in Mandarin Chinese
書刊名:
高雄師大學報
作者:
余光雄
作者(外文):
Yu, Grover K. H.
出版日期:
1996
卷期:
7
頁次:
頁175-202
主題關鍵詞:
話語效應
;
言說行為
;
Illocutionary force
;
Speech act
原始連結:
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相關次數:
被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
排除自我引用:0
共同引用:0
點閱:34
在「口語行為」(Speech Act)裡面,一個語句通常具有兩種意 義:(1)「宗旨意義」(propositional meaning)及(2)「話語意義」 (illocutionary meaning)。「話語意義」指的是說話者透過語句在聽話 者或閱讀者的心態上所能造成的效果。舉例而言,一個小孩跟媽媽說: 「媽,我肚子餓了。」這句話的宗旨意義就是讓小孩子的媽媽知道說話者 肚子餓了,而其話語意義就是「我要吃東西,給我東西吃」。媽媽聽了這 句話,很可能就會拿東西給小孩吃。本文就是在討論漢語語句的「話語」 功能。 本文主張「口語行為」中的「話語效力」(illocutionary force)要 從四個層面來分析。最重要的是溝通功能(communicative function)與 語境(context)的交互作用的探討。作者採用P.A. Lee(1976年)的理論 架構來分析漢語語句型式及其溝通的功能。在理論上,希望能經由此種分 析,提供一個對於語言整體的語意理論架構的新的思考層面,也希望藉由 更進一步瞭解語句型式與溝通功能之交互作用,學者們可以更精確地掌握 分析「話語行為」(illocutionary act)的準則。
以文找文
In speech act theories, utterances have two kinds of meaning:(1) propositional meaning, which is also known as locutionary meaning; and (2)illocutionary meaning, which is also known as illocutionary force. Illocutionary force in this paper refers to the effect the utterance or written text has on the reader or listener. This paper is aimed at discussing the forms and functions of illocutionary forces in Mandarin Chinese. In the early studies of illocutionary acts, it was sometimes assumed that illocutionary force automatically entails the form of a speech act and the function of the act. This paper argues that such a kind of assumption is too simple, and therefore, it proposes that there are four essential aspects of illocutionary acut that have to be taken into account for interpreting illocutionary acts. P. A. Lee's theoretical framework (1976) was then applied to account for the interactions between form and communicative function. Following this model. it is suggested that illocutionary force is derived from the more primitive notion of communicative function, and that an investigation into this function allows us to form a more coherent classification of illocutionary act types and subtypes as well as a more illuminating view of the interaction among the other essential factors of speech acts: context, illocutionary force, and propositional content. It is hoped that this study shed lights on the future studies on the interactions between contextual features and functions. With a better understanding of the interactions between context and communicative function. we will be able to produce a more precise determination of the functional criteria for classifying illocutionary acts.
以文找文
期刊論文
1.
Clark, Herbert H.、Carlso, Thomas B.(1982)。Hearers and speech acts。Language,58(2),332-373。
2.
Atelsek, J.(1981)。An Anatomy of Opinions。Language in Society,10,217-225。
3.
Sag, I.、Liberman, M.(1975)。The International Disambiguation of Indirect Speech Acts。Chicago Linguistic Society,11,487-497。
4.
Dore, J.、McDermott, R. P.(1982)。Linguistic Indeterminacy and Social Context in Utterance Interpretation。Language,58,374-398。
5.
van Eemeren, F. H.、Grootendorst, R.(1982)。The Speech Acts of Arguing and Convincing in Externalized Discussions。Journal of Pragmatics,5,1-24。
6.
Goffman, E.(1978)。Response Cries。Language,54,787-815。
7.
Gordon, David、Lakoff, George(1971)。Conversational Postulates。Chicago Linguistic Society,7,63-84。
8.
Hancher, M.(1979)。The Classification of Cooperative Illocutionary Acts。Language in Society,8,1-14。
9.
Green, G. M.(1981)。Pragmatics and Syntactic Description。Studies in the Linguistic Sciences,11(1),27-28。
10.
Holdcroft, D.(1979)。Assertive Acts, Context, and Evidence。Journal of Pragmatics,3,473-488。
11.
Lee, P. A.(1974)。Perlocution and Illocution。Journal of English Linguistics,8,32-40。
12.
Lee, P. A.(1976)。Impositive Speech Acts。Ohio State University Working Papers,21,98-144。
13.
Lee, P. A.(1981)。Topical Bibliography in Linguistic Pragmatics。University of Hawaii Working Papers in Linguistics,13(1),1-59。
14.
Martin, J. R.(1981)。How Many Speech Acts?。University of East Anglia Papers in Linguistics,14/15,52-77。
15.
Stiles, W. B.(1981)。Classification of intersubjective illocutionary acts。Language in Society,10,227-250。
會議論文
1.
Lakoff, Robin(1977)。What you can do with words: politeness, pragmatics and performatives。The Texas conference on performatives, presuppositions and implicatures。Arlington, VA:Center for Applied Linguistics。79-106。
2.
Searle, J. R.(1977)。A Classification of Illocutionary Acts。The Texas Conference on Performatives Presuppositions and Implicatures。Arlington:Center for Applied Linguistics Center。27-45。
3.
McCawley, J. D.(1977)。Remarks on the Lexicography of Performative Verbs。The Texas Conference on Performatives, Presuppositions and Implicatures。Arlington:Center for Applied Linguistics。13-25。
4.
Pyle, C. R.(1975)。The Function of Indirectness。4th New Ways of Analyzing Variation in English Conference。Washington。
學位論文
1.
Cho, Ch.-H.(1982)。A Study of Korean Pragmatics: Deixis and Politeness(博士論文)。University of Hawaii。
圖書
1.
Bolinger, D.(1977)。Meaning and Form。London:Longman。
2.
Bach, Kent、Harnish, Robert M.(1979)。Linguistic Communication and Speech Acts。MIT Press。
3.
Richards, Jack C.、Platt, John、Platt, Heidi(1992)。Longman Dictionary of language Teaching and Applied Linguistics。Essex:Longman Group。
4.
Chomsky, N.(1975)。Reflections on Language。New York:Pantheon Books。
5.
Austin, J. L.(1962)。How to Do Things with Words。Cambridge:Harvard University Press。
6.
Vasu, S. C.(1962)。The Astadhyayi of Panini。Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass。
7.
Verschueren, J.(1980)。On Speech Act Verbs。Amsterdam:John Benjamins。
8.
Wierzbicka, A.(1980)。Lingua Mentalis: The Semantics of Natural Language。Sydney:Academic Press。
9.
Harder, P.、Kock, C.(1976)。The Theory of Presupposition Failure。Copenhagen:Akademisk Forlag。
10.
Heringer, J. T.(1972)。Some Grammatical Correlates: of Felicity Conditions and Presuppositions。Bloomington:Indiana University Linguistics Club。
11.
Morris, W.(1975)。The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language。Boston:Houghton Mifflin。
12.
Ogden, C. K.、Richards, I. A.(1946)。The Meaning of Meaning。New York:Harcourt, Brace and World。
13.
Leech, Geoffrey Neill(1983)。Principles of Pragmatics。Longman。
圖書論文
1.
Morgan, J. L.(1978)。Two types of convention in indirect speech acts。Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 9: Pragmatics。New York:Academic Press。
2.
Searle, J. R.(1975)。Indirect speech acts。Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3: Speech act。New York:Academic Press。
3.
Manes, Joan、Wolfson, Nessa(1981)。The compliment formula。Conversational routine: Explorations in standardized communication situations and prepatterned speech。Mouton。
4.
Wirth, J. R.(1980)。Discourse Grammars and Conversation Principles。Evidence and Argumentation in Linguistics。Berlin:de Gruyter。
5.
Sadock, J. M.(1970)。Imperatives。Studies Presented to Robert Lees by His Students。
6.
Davison, A.(1975)。Indirect Speech Acts and What to Do With Them。Syntax and Semantics, Volume 3: Speech Acts。New York:Academic Press。
7.
Fillmore, C. J.(1973)。A Grammarian Looks to Sociolinguistics。Sociolinguistics: Current Trends and Prospects。Washington:Georgetown University Press。
8.
Fraser, B.(1973)。Optical Rules in Grammar。Towards Tomorrow's Linguistics。Washington, D.C.:Georgetown University Press。
9.
Green, G. M.(1975)。How to Get People to Do Things with Words。Syntax and Semantics, Volume 3: Speech Acts。New York:Academic Press。
10.
Jacobson, R.(1960)。Linguistics and Poetics。Style in Language。Cambridge:Cambridge University Press。
11.
Labov, W.(1972)。Rules for Ritual Insults。Studies in Social Interaction。New York:Free Press。
12.
Laver, J.(1975)。Communicative Functions of Phatic Communion。Organization in Face-to-Face Interaction。The Hague:Mouton。
13.
Ohmann, R.(1972)。Instrumental Style: Notes on the Theory of Speech as Action。Current Trends in Stylistics。
14.
Russell, B.(1956)。A Plea for Clear Thinking。Portraits from Memory and Other Essays。New York:Simon and Schuster。
15.
Brown, Penelope、Levinson, Stephen C.(1978)。Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena。Questions and politeness: Strategies in social interaction。Cambridge University Press。
16.
Grice, Herbert Paul(1975)。Logic and conversation。Syntax and Semantics, Volume 3: Speech Acts。Academic Press。
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