Phonological Variation and Sound Change in Yami on Orchid Island__臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫

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題名：	Phonological Variation and Sound Change in Yami on Orchid Island
作者：	何德華／張惠環
作者(外文)：	Rau, D. Victoria／Chang, Hui-Huan Ann
書刊名：	百川匯海 : 李壬癸先生七秩壽慶論文集;張永利, 黃美金, 何大安 (編輯)
頁次：	461-488
出版日期：	2006
出版項：	臺北市:中央研究院語言學研究所
主題關鍵詞：	/ay/；/aw/；Sociolinguistic variation；Sound change in progress；Yami
學門：	語言學
資料類型：	專書論文
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:1 共同引用:0 點閱:47

This study investigated the sound change in progress in the Yami diphthongs /ay/ and /aw/ (e.g., mangay “go”, araw “day, sun”) on Orchid Island. The interpretation of the direction of change has been centralization and upward movement, thus [ay] and [aw] alternate with [ey] and [ew], respectively. In addition, [ey] moves forward to [iy], whereas [ew] moves backward to [ow]. This paper reports the results of qualitative and quantitative analyses to answer the following two questions: (1) What is the direction of the chain shift of (ay) and (aw)? Does it undergo changes of raising or falling? and (2) To what extent is the variation of (ay) and (aw) influenced by a combination of internal factors and external factors?
Our qualitative analysis has revealed that the nucleus raising rule is an innovation in Yami and has progressed faster and longer in (ay) than in (aw). The same rule has also spread to environments such as a-i and a-o across morpheme boundaries. While (ay) is raised to the peripheral high front vowel /i/ in the raising areas, another change, in prefixes with the high front vowel (e.g., mi-/pi-/ni-), is reversing the direction and has begun to lower and diphthongize the nucleus /i/ to /ey/. Our quantitative analysis tested the raising rule in word final position. The raising rule has been identified as associated with geographical differences. However, the raising and non-raising areas also tend to be associated with language vitality. Thus an interpretation on the relationship between ethnic identity and raising is proposed.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Adelaar, Alexander(2000)。Siraya Reduplication。Oceanic Linguistics，39(1)，33-52。
2.	Blake, Renee、Meredith Josey(2003)。The /ay/ diphthong in a Martha's Vineyard community: what can we say 40 years later ?。Language in Society，32，451-485。
3.	Chambers, Jack(1973)。Canadian raising。Canadian Journal of Linguistics，18，113-135。
4.	Eckert, Penelope(1989)。The whole woman: sex and gender differences in variation。Language Variation and Change，1(3)，245-267。
5.	Eckert, Penelope、McConnell-Ginet, Sally(1992)。Think practically and look locally: language and gender as community-based practice。Annual Review of Anthropology，21，461-490。
6.	Johnstone, Barbara、Bhasin, Neeta、Wittkofski, Denise(2002)。"Dahntahn" Pittsburgh: monophthongal /aw/ and representations of localness in southwestern Pennsylvania。American Speech，77(2)，148-166。
7.	Li, Paul Jen-kuei、Ho, Yue-ling(1988)。Preliminary research report on Yami on Lanyu。Newsletter for Research in Chinese Studies，7(4)，244-232。
8.	Maclagan, Margaret A.、Gordon, Elizabeth、Lewis, Gillian(1999)。Women and sound change: conservative and innovative behavior by the same speakers。Language Variation and Change，11(1)，19-41。
9.	Milroy, James(1996)。Variation in /ai/ in Northern British English, with comment on Canadian Raising。University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics，3(1)，213-221。
10.	Schilling-Estes, Natalie(1997)。Accommodation versus concentration: dialect deat in two post-insular island communities。American Speech，72(1)，12-32。
11.	Schilling-Estes, Natalie(2000)。Investigating intra-ethnic differentiation: /ay/ in Lumbee Native American English。Language Variation and Change，12(2)，141-174。
12.	Schilling-Estes, Natalie、Wolfram, Walt(1997)。Symbolic identity and language change: a comparative analysis of post-insular /ay/ and /aw/。University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics，4(1)，83-104。
13.	Wolfram, Walt、Schilling-Estes, Natalie(1995)。Moribund dialects and the language endangerment canon: the case of the Ocracoke brogue。Language，71(4)，696-721。
14.	Labov, William(1963)。The Social Motivation of a Sound Change。Word--Journal of the international linguistic association，19，273-309。
15.	Labov, William(1990)。The Intersection of Sex and Social Class in the Course of Linguistic Change。Language Variation and Change，2(2)，205-254。
16.	Rau, D. Victoria、董瑪女(20051200)。Yami Reduplication。Concentric. Studies in Linguistics，31(2)，57-87。
17.	陳淵泉(1972)。The time dimension: Contribution toward a theory of sound change。Foundations of Language，8，457-498。

會議論文
1.	Knight, Paul、Lu, Yu-Hsiu(2005)。Music heritage of the oral traditions by meykaryag (singing party with hand clapping) of the Tao tribe。The 2005 International Forum of Ethnomusicology in Taiwan: Interpretation and Evolution of Musical Sound。Taipei：Soochow University。
2.	Schilling-Estes, Natalie、Schrider, Jessica(1996)。The symbolization of islander identity: sex- and gender-based variation in Ocrocoke English。New Ways of Analyzing Variation 25。Las Vegas。
3.	Rau, Der-Hwa Victoria(1995)。Yami Language Vitality。The Conference on Language Use and Ethnic Identity，(會議日期: 1995/06/16)。Taipei：Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica。

研究報告
1.	Dong, Maa-neu、Rau, Der-Hwa Victoria(1999)。Yami Texts and Vocabulary。Council of Aboriginal Affairs, Executive Yuan, R.O.C.。
2.	Dong, Maa-neu、Rau, Der-Hwa Victoria(2000)。Yami Texts and Vocabulary。Council of Aboriginal Affairs, Executive Yuan, R.O.C.。

學位論文
1.	Josey, Meredith(2004)。A Sociolinguistic Study of Phonetic Variation and Change on the Island of Martha fs Vineyard(學士論文)。New York University，New York。
2.	Schilling-Estes, Natalie(1996)。The Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Status of /ay/ in Outer Banks English(學士論文)。University of North Carolina，Chapel Hill。
3.	Che, Hui-Ping(1998)。A Sociolinguistic Study of Second Language Proficiency, Language Use, and Language Attitude among the Yami in Lanyu(碩士論文)。Providence University，Taichung。
4.	Benedek, Dezsö(1987)。A Comparative Study of the Bashiic Cultures of Irala, Ivatan, and Itbayat(博士論文)。The Pennsylvania State University。

圖書
1.	Kaye, Jonathan D.、Lowenstamm, Jean(1981)。Syllable structure and markedness theory。Theory of Markedness in Generative Grammar。Scuola Normale Superiore Di Pisa。
2.	Rau, Der-Hwa Victoria、Dong, Maa-Neu(2006)。Yami Texts with Reference Grammar and Dictionary。Taipei：Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica。
3.	Chambers, Jack K.(1995)。Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and its Social Significance。Basil Blackwell。
4.	Reid, Lawrence A.(1971)。Philippine Minor Languages: Word Lists and Phonologies。Honolulu：University of Hawai'i Press。
5.	Dong, Maa-neu、Rau, Der-Hwa Victoria(2000)。Yami Textbook。Taipei：Crane。
6.	Eckert, Penelope(1996)。(Ay) goes to the city: Reminiscences of Martha's Vineyard。Towards a Social Science of Language, Vol. 1: Variation and Change in Language and Society。Amsterdam：Philadelphia：John Benjamins：John Benjamins。
7.	Eckert, Penelope(2001)。Style and social meaning。Style and Sociolinguistic Variation。New York：Cambridge University Press。
8.	Ho, Dah-an(1988)。Rules and Directions: The Changing Structure of Phonology。Taipei：Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica。
9.	Horvath, Barbara(1985)。Variation in Australian English: The Sociolects of Sydney。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
10.	Hung, Henrietta、Davison, John、Chambers, J. K.(1993)。Comparative sociolinguistics of (aw)-fronting。Focus on Canada。Amsterdam：Philadelphia：John Benjamins：John Benjamins。
11.	Labov, William(1984)。Research methods of the project on linguistic change and variation。Language in Use: Readings in Sociolinguistics。Englewood Cliffs：Prentice Hall。
12.	Mendoza-Denton, Norma(2004)。Language and identity。The Handbook of Language Variation and Change。Oxford：Blackwell。
13.	Robinson, John、Lawrence, Helen、Tagliamonte, Sali(2001)。GOLDVARB 2001 [Computer Program]: A Multivariate Analysis Application for Windows。Toronto：York University。
14.	Scheerer, Otto(1908)。The Batan Dialect as a Member of the Philippine Group of Languages。Bureau of Science。
15.	Thomas. Beth(1988)。Differences of sex and sects: linguistic variation and social networks in a Welsh mining village。Women in Their Speech Communities: New Perspectives on Language and Sex。New York：Longman。
16.	West, Anne(1995)。Yami。Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies, Part 1: Fascicle 1。Berlin：Mouton de Gruyter。
17.	Wolfram, Walt、Hazen, Kirk、Schilling-Estes, Natalie(1999)。Dialect Change and Maintenance on the Outer Banks。Tuscaloosa：University of Alabama Press。
18.	Wolfram, Walt、Schilling-Estes, Natalie(1996)。Dialect change and maintenance in a post-insular island community。Focus on the USA。Amsterdam：Philadelphia：John Benjamins：John Benjamins。
19.	Wolfram, Walt、Schilling-Estes, Natalie(1997)。Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks: The Story of the Ocracoke Brogue。Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press。
20.	Yami New Testament(1994)。Seysyo no Tao: Avayo a Seysyo。Taipei：Chinese Bible Society。
21.	Trudgill, Peter(1990)。The Dialects of England。Cambridge：Blackwell。
22.	Benedek, Dezso(1991)。The Songs of the Ancestors: a Comparative Study of Bashiic Folklore。Taipei：Southern Materials Center, Inc.。
23.	Tsuchida, Shigeru、Constantino,Ernesto、Yamada, Yukihiro、Moriguchi, Tsunekazu(1989)。Batanic Languages: Lists of Sentences for Grammatical Features。Tokyo：University of Tokyo。
24.	Labov, William(1972)。Sociolinguistic patterns。University of Pennsylvania Press。
25.	Tsuchida, Shigeru、Yamada, Yukihiro、Moriguchi, Tsunekazu(1987)。Lists of Selected Words of Batanic Languages。Tokyo：Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Letters, University of Tokyo。
26.	Eckert, Penelope(2000)。Linguistic Variation as Social Practice。Oxford：Blackwell。

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