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題名：達悟語社會變異個案研究
作者：張惠環
作者(外文)：CHANG, HUI-HUAN
校院名稱：國立中正大學
系所名稱：語言學研究所
指導教授：何德華
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2018
主題關鍵詞：達悟語；社會語言學；變異分析；元音串修補策略；關係子句；增強詞素；Yami；sociolinguistic；variationist；hiatus resolution；relative clause；intensifier morpheme
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本論文採用社會語言變異分析(variationist approach)為導向，語料收集自128篇口語語料、《達悟語新約聖經》及三本族人出版的文學，研究音韻、句法、構詞三個不同層面的達悟語語言變異，解釋達悟語語言社區中的語言變異規則，進而提供達悟語教學教材設計的參考依據，以期對面臨瀕危的達悟語有所貢獻。
達悟語元音串(vowel hiatus)修補策略(hiatus resolution) h變異研究結果顯示當元音串為非高元音([-high])時，極容易使用h做成為修補策略，例如，citahen ‘看’；高元音([+high])阻礙h產生(如，kois ‘豬’)。再者，語料分析顯示，因語境(linguistic environment)所產生修補策略的h 的詞彙可歸類為可預測(predictable)；反之，不可預測(unpredictable)詞彙中的h是為辨音成分(distinctive feature)有其辨義功能。本研究建議拼寫系統用<’>代表不可預測具有區別意義的功能的h(例如，ji hayo ‘不灰心’ < hayo ‘喪氣’不同於ji ngap-a ‘不領受’ < hap ‘拿，取’)；<h>代表可預測的h(例如，ahap~aap ‘拿’)，可讓使用者更能掌握其語言變異規律。
達悟語關係子句(relative clause; RC)的句法詞序變異研究顯示中心語(head noun; 被修飾語)後置(head-final; [關係子句] +繫詞+中心語)是最常用的詞序結構；性別、指涉對象是否已提及過與否或中心語在關係子句扮演的語法角色(grammatical roles)是影響關係子句詞序結構不同的因素。達悟男性對未知指涉對象(new referent)會選擇中心語前置結構(hea-initial;中心語+繫詞+ [關係子句])給予新訊息作連結；達悟女性則偏好中心語後置將已知指涉對象(given referent)與先前所提訊息內容作連結。另外，談話中常使用修飾主語的主事焦點關係子句(Subject RC)使主題達到連續性(topic continuity)，且利用其中心語前置關係子句和存在句(existential clauses)結合成為聽者為導向的策略修飾新的指涉對象並提供訊息。此外，經卡方檢定，此研究發現性別與年齡、部落、及語料討論的主題是具關聯性而導致關係子句詞序變異；年輕女性、東清女性及當女性討論故事及日常生活主題時偏愛前置結構詞序；然而，年長女性、朗島女性及當男性敘說故事及日常生活主題時則不使用此前置結構。
達悟語增強詞素(intensifier morpheme) ka- ‘非常，如此’和tey- ‘非常，太’的使用變異(ka-owy-oyat，tey-m-owyat ‘非常勤奮’)研究顯示tey-比ka-使用較頻繁；性別和被修飾語的語義範疇類別(semantic category)在增強詞素使用變異是有關連性。達悟女性偏愛用表達情感立場態度的程度增強詞素ka-，而達悟男性偏愛用tey-。ma-靜態動詞本身既可詮釋‘非常’的語意，也可藉由重音強化語氣‘非常’的語意。對此，本研究認為malaváng ‘(非常)白’是無標(unmarked)，而malávang ‘非常白’及teymálavang‘非常白’是有標記(marked)，這可能也導致某些ka-或tey-修飾的語意範疇是空缺。
In this dissertation, a variationist approach is used to discover patterns of linguistic variation in the Yami speech community on phonological, syntactic, and morphological levels based on the data from 128 oral narratives, the Yami New Testament, and three local literary works. It is hypothesized that patterns of the variation are predicted not only by linguistic factors but also by social factors. The results of these three sociolinguistic studies can provide useful pedagogical implications to Yami teachers and learners.
Results of the study of phonological variation of the occurrence of h for hiatus resolution (V1V2) show that hiatus-breaking is conditioned by vowel quality; both V1 and V2 with [-high] feature promote the occurrence of h, e.g., citahen ‘look’, while a [+high] vowel prohibits it, e.g., kois ‘pig’. The hs can be either unpredictable or predictable, which suggests that <’> should be used to represent unpredictable h to help distinguish meanings, e.g., ji ’ayo ‘not discouraged’ (<’ayo ‘discourage’) vs. ji ngap-a ‘not take something’ (< hap ‘take’), and <h>, the predictable and optional h, e.g., ahap ~ aap 'take’.
Results of the study of the alternation between head-initial (head NP + a + [RC]) and head-final ([RC] + a + head NP) RCs show that the head-final RCs are predominating constructions. Yami males prefer using head-initial RCs as a complementation strategy to provide extra information about the new referent when a relativized NP (NPrel) is a transitive object; Yami females prefer using head-final RCs when a NPrel is an intransitive subject to restrict a given referent essential information. Head NPs bearing with nominative case as the pivot of the sentence are used frequently to modify the subject for topic continuity. Yami speakers tend to use existential clauses with head-initial RCs to modify a new referent and introduce new information for a hearer into the discourse. Moreover, young and Iranomilek females, as well as those females narrating a story-telling topic, are likely to use head-initial RCs; while old females, Iraralay females seldom use the head-initial RCs, and so do males with a story-telling topic.
Results of the study of the variation of the intensifier morphemes ka- ‘very, so’ and tey- ‘very, most’ (e.g., ka-owy-oyat vs. tey-m-owyat ‘work very hard’) show tey- occurs more frequently than ka-; gender and certain semantic categories account for choosing intensifiers. Yami females favor attitudinal intensifier ka- to express their affective stances, while Yami males favor tey-, indicating Yami females prefer using an intensifier to reflect their emotions. The study found that ma-stative verbs can denote the default, unmarked meaning ‘very’, and stress can be used to intensify speakers’ expression (e.g., malaváng ‘white’ vs. malávang ‘very white’ vs. teymálavang ‘very/most white’), which might cause some semantic meanings modified by tey- and ka- occurring rarely or even not at all.
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