事實(判斷)與價值(判斷)或實證與規范的兩歧對馬克思來說是一個假問題,因為這種兩歧本來就不是凝固不變的而是歷史的兩歧,二者統一于reality即現實、實在或真實,而現實本身就是實踐活動即人類歷史的產物。有一些學者誤解了歷史唯物主義的實證科學性質,把對實踐經驗的"實證"當成了對感覺經驗的"實證",從而排除了辯證法的否定維度,陷入馬克思批判過的抽象經驗主義。對于馬克思來說,正義作為一種歷史現象,首先是某種"事實"即特定歷史條件下的現實、實在或真實,其次才是某種"觀念"。立足于實證和規范的對立,把"現實"即歷史"事實"混同于近代自然科學的"事實",把馬克思的正義觀念視為超歷史的價值判斷,必然陷入"自然主義的歷史觀",從而排斥真正的"歷史"即人類的實踐活動。正如正義與非正義的劃分標準本身就是歷史地形成的從而也必然被歷史地超越一樣,事實與價值的二元對立統一于特定的歷史情境,因而恰恰是歷史唯物主義的具體表現形式。

The bifurcation of factual and value judgment or of empirical and normative analysis is a false problem for Karl Marx,as said bifurcation is not rigid but rather always changing with history.A certain fact and its corresponding value are unified as"reality,"which according to Marx is the product of practice,that is,the product of human history.Some scholars have misunderstood the positive scientific characteristics of historical materialism,and regarded the"empirical analysis"of practical experience as that of sense experience;as a result,they have excluded the negative dimension of dialectics,falling into the abstract empiricism that was criticized by Marx.For Marx,historical justice as a historical phenomenon is first of all a certain fact,i.e.a reality under a specific historical condition;then it is a certain"idea."Based on the antithesis between empirical and normative analysis,"reality"i.e.historical"fact"is mixed up with modern natural scientific"fact,"and Marx’s conception of justice is regarded as a supra-historical value judgment.This leaves us trapped in the pitfall of the"naturalistic conception of history,"disregarding real history,i.e.common human practical activity.As the distinguishing criterion of justice and injustice was historically formed and will necessarily be historically surpassed,the binary opposition of fact and value is unified in a specific historical context,which is merely a concrete expression of historical materialism.