[目的/意義]科學數據共享參與主體的共享意愿、隱私保護、數據產權歸屬等問題嚴重制約科學數據共享生態環境的可持續發展。[方法/過程]在梳理科學數據共享動力障礙和區塊鏈等研究進展基礎上,從主體、客體、功能角度闡述區塊鏈應用于科學數據共享的適用性,構建科學數據共享層次化區塊鏈架構,深入探討科學數據共享區塊鏈交互信息、數據區塊、共識激勵機制、智能合約等實現機理,并提出科學數據共享區塊鏈在交互數據描述、安全、共識博弈方面存在的困境及對策。[結果/結論]將區塊鏈技術創新性應用于科學數據共享生態環境,能夠進一步促進科學數據共享環境的形成與發展。

[Purpose/significance] The problems such as sharing willingness,privacy protection,attribution of data property rights of scientific data sharing participants seriously restrict the sustainable development of scientific data sharing. [Method/process] On the basis of combing the research progress of scientific data sharing motivation obstacles and block chain,the applicability of block chain for scientific data sharing is expounded from the perspectives of subject,object and function. Scientific data sharing hierarchical block chain architecture is presented. The realization mechanisms of interactive information,data block,consensus incentive mechanism,smart contract of scientific data sharing block chain are described. The dilemma and development countermeasure of interactive data description,security and consensus game are proposed. [Result/conclusion]The innovative application of block chain technology in scientific data sharing ecological environment can further promote the formation and development of scientific data sharing environment