In the second half of the 19 th century, social problems resulting from laissez-faire capitalism led to questioning of Spencer’s pro-individualism social theory and deep ref lections on the relationship between individual freedom and social order. Promoted by a great Eastward movement of Western learning, the ideas from European and American academia were transmitted to Japan and China through translation. However,different countries formed different schools of thought according to differences in cultural traditions, systems of discourse, political backgrounds, and scholars’ personal preferences. Building on Spencer’s social organism, Nobuta Kishimoto’s Sociology used "unsocial" to describe "anti-social", meaning mankind’s resistance to social order. He eased tensions in Japanese society brought by Spencer’s individual freedom — but at the same time, suppressed an ever-growing Japanese nationalism. Zhang Taiyan, in his translation of Nobuta Kishimoto’s Sociology, connected individual freedom with some traditional Chinese thoughts like "taoqun"(escape from crowd), "yin"(seclusion) and "fei"(abandon), demonstrating resistance to the New Administration of the late Qing Dynasty and providing theoretical and philosophical support for the revolution.