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題名:公共支出、租稅收入與住宅市場之研究
作者:謝文盛 引用關係
作者(外文):Arthur, W.S. Shieh
校院名稱:國立政治大學
系所名稱:經濟學系
指導教授:林全
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2000
主題關鍵詞:租買選擇恆常所得財產稅公告現值誤差修正因果關係衝擊效果房價共積
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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國內以實證研究來探討住宅市場課題的文獻相當豐富,但針對租稅或公共支出對住宅消費型態或住宅價格影響的文獻卻很有限。因此,本論文主題針對公共支出、租稅制度、與住宅市場三者的相互影響關係進行探討,俾期藉此拓展該一領域的研究視野。
本文共分三個主題,第一個主題研究租稅對住宅租買選擇行為之影響,主要探討地價稅及房屋稅的租稅負擔,對台灣地區家計單位住宅消費型態的影響;第二個研究主題為土地增值稅與住宅價格關係之研究,主要係分析現行土地增值稅稅基--土地公告現值,與住宅價格間相互影響的機制,除進行誤差修正因果關係檢定外,亦估計兩者之間的動態調整關係;最後一項主題為探討地方公共支出與租稅收入對住宅價格動態調整之影響,除分析三者之間的長期均衡關係外,並利用誤差修正向量自我迴歸模型進行衝擊效果分析及預測誤差變異數分解,以深入探究短期下各項地方財政收支對住宅價格的影響方式及程度。
本論文第一個主題係探討我國財產稅賦對家計單位住宅租買選擇行為的影響。在家計單位的資產組合中,住宅為其中最主要的資產,而住宅稅賦負擔對家計單位租買選擇(tenure choice),無疑是一個相當重要的考量因素。然而,在國內的相關文獻中,卻鮮少文獻探討租稅因素對住宅租買選擇的影響。因此,本文主要目的是希望能瞭解財產稅賦對家計單位租買選擇之影響。在實證分析方面,本文利用行政院主計處「中華民國台灣地區八十五年個人所得分配調查報告」資料,以probit及logit兩種間斷模型進行實證分析,同時透過恆常所得及財產稅賦的估計,探討財產稅賦及恆常所得對家計單位住宅租買選擇影響的程度。實證結果顯示,台灣地區之財產稅賦的確對家計單位的租買選擇有相當程度的影響。當財產稅增加時,家計單位會傾向以租賃方式消費住宅,減少購屋之需求;而當恆常所得增加或房屋租賃價格上漲時,家計單位將會傾向以自有方式消費住宅,減少租賃房屋的需求;但財產稅賦及租金對租買選擇之影響則呈遞減。
本論文第二個主題係探討土地增值稅與住宅價格之關係。探討住宅市場的文獻中,分析土地增值稅與房價關係的研究很少,同時在實證上也無一致的結果。因此本文的主要目的是希望利用相關文獻中各類的住宅價格及更多的樣本數,並藉由晚近因果關係檢定的計量方法,探討我國獨樹一幟的土地增值稅,與住宅價格間的關係。文中除檢驗政府藉由提高公告現值,以打擊房地產投機行為,穩定住宅價格的政策是否可行,以整合長期以來各文獻的爭論外,公告現值之調整與住宅價格變動間的影響型態及方式為何?其是否會加深房地產衰退的趨勢等,亦是本文的研究重點。
在實證方面,我們採用相關研究的三種台北市住宅價格資料,採用Johansen與Juselius(1990,1992)最大概似估計法,及建構誤差修正模型,檢測住宅價格與公告現值之共積及因果關係,並進一步利用共積誤差修正VAR模型,檢驗住宅價格變動與公告現值調整間的動態影響機制。
根據共積檢定發現住宅價格之波動與公告現值之調整間,的確具有長期穩定共同成長的關係。而根據因果關係檢定,發現兩者間僅存在單向的因果關係(Granger-Causality),公告現值的調整的確會受住宅價格變動的影響,但公告現值之變動卻不會進一步影響住宅價格;因此,本文認為政府欲利用公告現值之調整,以增加土地增值稅賦,作為抑制房地產投機穩定房價的政策,其實是不可行的。再者,根據共積誤差修正項VAR模型估計得知,公告現值的調整僅受前期住宅價格變動之影響,但並不受前期公告現值變動及其他各期之住宅價格波動與公告現值調整的影響,此一結果說明了現行土地公告現值之評定,其實僅僅以趕上土地市價之變動為目標而已,而且根據估計係數皆小於一可知,土地公告現值的調整亦無法趕上市價之變動,因此公告現值僵固性的調整機制,會加重房地產景氣衰退趨勢的疑慮,亦不成立。
本論文第三個主題係探討地方公共支出與租稅收入對住宅價格動態調整之影響。本文除建立理論模型,分析地方的公共支出、財產稅、營業稅及所得稅對於住宅價格的影響外,並使用台北市民國57年至83年時間序列資料進行實證研究。實證部分除透過共積檢定,分析各政事別公共支出、財產稅收入與住宅價格間長期的動態關係外,並利用VAR誤差修正模型,進行衝擊效果及預測誤差變異數分解,探究各項地方公共支出及財產稅收入,對於住宅價格短期動態調整影響的方式及效果。
本章實證結果顯示,公共支出及租稅收入對於房價的影響,不僅會因不同政事別及稅目而有不同的影響,觀察期間的長短亦扮演著非常關鍵的角色。長期下財政收支對於房價的影響,公共支出為正向面,租稅收入則為負向;但在短期下,將因不同的支出或收入項目,而有正向或負向影響的差異。
在長期關係檢定中發現,當財產稅收入與公共支出同時增加一單位時,若將收入全部用於某一特定公共支出,該政事別支出對於房價仍存在正面的影響,其中又以警政、衛生、教育文化及交通等四項支出的影響最大;但若將此一增加的財產稅收入平均用於各項公共支出,房價將因而降低。
在短期關係之檢測結果上,根據預測誤差變異數分解可知,公共支出較能解釋房價的變動,而租稅收入對公共支出的變動則具有較強的解釋能力。另外根據衝擊效果分析發現公共支出及租稅收入對於房價的影響,將可能因觀察期間的長短,而有完全不同的影響方向。其中除了警政支出與交通支出不論在短期下或長期下對於房價均有較大的影響外,另四項支出對於房價的影響,在觀察期間不同時,則有非常大的差異,其中又以教育文化支出及衛生支出的差異最大,在長期下為正向的影響,但短期下的影響卻為負向。
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