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題名:Humanitarian crisis in darfur and the strategic political warfare of Mainland China in War-Torn Sudan
作者:薩威飛
作者(外文):Wilfried Relwende SAWADOGO
校院名稱:國立政治大學
系所名稱:外交研究所
指導教授:嚴震生
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:蘇丹達佛中國大陸人道危機政治性策略戰爭衝突管理SudanDarfurMainland ChinaHumanitarian CrisisStrategic Political WarfareConflict Management
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隨著中國大陸日益增加對非洲事務的參與,中國大陸與非洲之間關係的研究受到前所未有的重視。雖然學界已有相當多關於中非關係的研究,但對於北京在達佛(Darfur)危機中所扮演的角色仍缺乏探討。因此,為了彌補現有文獻的不足,本論文對達佛危機進行更全面性的瞭解,更重要的是,本論文將從非洲的角度出發,追蹤並分析從2003年起迄今中國大陸在處理達佛危機中所扮演的角色。
達佛隸屬於一個自後殖民時代起就戰亂頻仍、擁有不斷自相殘殺歷史的國家—蘇丹。該地區暴力的多樣性、衝突型態的複雜度、盤根錯節的內戰起因、以及人道危機的暴行,皆讓蘇丹的達佛充滿著許多不穩定因素。
然而,正是在這樣的政治社會脈絡下,北京政府不顧國際社會要求停止對北蘇丹政權(Khartoum)援助的呼籲,做出對達佛投資以促進中國大陸國家利益的決定,儘管北蘇丹政權仍在達佛地區進行近似種族滅絕(genocide)的毀滅性戰爭。
藉由探討中國大陸對北蘇丹政權的支持是否間接造成達佛地區的人道危機,本論文旨在檢視中國大陸在達佛地區武裝衝突所涉及的面向,以及中國大陸在處理該地區危機中所扮演的角色。
關鍵字: 蘇丹、達佛、中國大陸、人道危機、政治性策略戰爭、衝突管理。
With the growing presence of Mainland China in Africa, relations between the two continents have increasingly been the subject of unprecedented scrutiny. Although the Sino-African relations are largely covered by the mass media, they, however, remain under-researched especially with respect to the role played by Beijing in the humanitarian crisis in Darfur. Our dissertation seeks therefore to fill out such gap by providing a comprehensive understanding of the ongoing humanitarian crisis in Darfur, and more importantly by tracing, based upon an African perspective, the role that China has played in the management of the humanitarian crisis in Darfur from 2003 to contemporary days. Darfur is a region which is part of a country that has been at war with itself through the entire history of its post-colonial journey.
The multiplicity then of the fighting movements in the region, the complexity of the configuration of the conflicts, the interconnectivity of the underlying causes of the civil war, and the atrocity of the humanitarian crisis have made Sudan, and Darfur specifically, a volatile composite region. Nevertheless, it is in such a socio-political landscape that China has decided to invest and advance its national interest defying the international community’s calls for Beijing to end its assistance to Khartoum which has been conducting a destructive war akin to ‘genocide’ over Darfur. With the intention to examine whether China is underwriting the genocide in Darfur by backing Khartoum, the core purpose of our dissertation would, indeed, be to figure out what has, in fact, been the Chinese dimension in armed conflicts in Darfur and the role played by Mainland China in the management of the humanitarian crisis in the region.
Key words: Sudan – Darfur – Mainland China – Humanitarian Crisis – Strategic Political Warfare – Conflict Management
- Books

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- Book Chapters

Askouri, Ali. 2007. “China’s Investment in the Sudan: Displacing Villages and Destroying Communities.” In African Perspectives on China in Africa, edited by Firoze Manji and Stephen Marks, 71-86. Cape Town: Fahamu.
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Chan, Stephan. 2008. “Naiveties and Africa: The Case of Sudan.” In Symposium on Chinese-Sudanese Relations, edited by Paul Moorcraft, 45-48. London: Centre for Foreign Policy Analysis.
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Deng, Yong. 2006. “Reputation and the Security Dilemma: China Reacts to the China Threat Theory.” In New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy, edited by Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert Ross, 186-217. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Elliesie, Hatem. 2010. “Sudan under the Constraints of (International) Human Rights Law and Humanitarian Law: The Case of Darfur.” In Islam and Human Rights, edited by Hatem Elliesie, 193-217. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Large, Daniel. 2007. “China's Role in Armed Conflict and Post-War Reconstruction in Africa: Sudan in Comparative Context.” In Oil Development in Africa, edited by Luke Patey,51-76. Copenhagen: DIIS.
Zeng, Qiang. 2010. “China’s Strategic Relations With Africa.” In Chinese and African Perspectives on China in Africa, edited by Axel Harneit-Sievers, Stephen Marks and Sanusha Naidu, 56-69.Cape Town: Pambazuka Press.

- Academic Journals

Alden, Chris, and Ana Cristina Alves. 2008. “History and Identity in the Construction of China's Africa Policy.” Review of African Political Economy 35, no. 115 (March): 43-58.
Alden, Chris, and Daniel Large. 2011. “China's Exceptionalism and the Challenges of Delivering Difference in Africa.” Journal of Contemporary China 20, no. 68 (January): 21-38.
Allen Nan, Susan. 2008. “Conflict Resolution in a Network Society.” International Negotiation: A Journal of Theory and Practice 13, no. 1 (April): 111-132.
Baaz, Maria Eriksson, and Maria Stern. 2009. “Why Do Soldiers Rape? Masculinity, Violence and Sexuality in the Armed Forces in the Congo.” International Studies Quarterly 53, no. 2 (June): 495–518.
Bates, Robert H. 2008. “The Logic of State Failure: Learning from Late-Century Africa.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 25, no. 4 (September): 297-314.
Bhavnani, Ravi, and Dan Miodownik. 2009. “Ethnic Polarization, Ethnic Salience, and Civil War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 53, no. 1 (February): 30-49.
Biggeri, Mario, and Sanfilippo, Marco. 2009. “Understanding China's Move into Africa: An Empirical Analysis.” Journal of Chinese Business and Economic Studies 7, no. 1 (December): 31-53.
Blouin, Max, and Stéphane Pallage. 2008. “Humanitarian Relief and Civil Conflict.” Journal of Conflict Resolution52, no. 4 (August): 548-565.
Boggero, Marco. 2009. “Darfur and Chad: A Fragmented Ethnic Mosaic.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 27, no. 1 (January): 21-35.
Branch, Adam, and Zachariah Cherian Mampilly. 2005. “Winning the War, but Losing the Peace? The Dilemma of SPLM/A Civil Administration and the Tasks Ahead.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 43, no. 1 (March): 1-20.
Brautigam, Deborah. 2011. “The Dragon's Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa.” Governance: International Journal of Policy Administration and Institutions 24, no. 1 (January): 186-188.
Brautigam, Deborah, and Xiaoyang Tang. 2011. “African Shenzhen: China's Special Economic Zones in Africa.” Journal of Modern African Studies 49, no. 1 (January): 27-54.
Brooks, Sean P. 2008. “Enforcing a Turning Point and Imposing a Deal: An Analysis of the Darfur Abuja Negotiations of 2006.” International Negotiation: A Journal of Theory and Practice 13, no. 3 (October): 413-440.
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Carlson, Allen. 2004. “Helping to Keep the Peace (Albeit Reluctantly): China’s Recent Stance on Sovereignty and Multilateral Intervention.” Pacific Affairs 77, no. 1 (Spring): 9-27.
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– 2004. “Counter-Insurgency on the Cheap.” Review of African Political Economy 31, no. 102 (December): 716-725.
– 2005. “Who are the Darfurians? Arab and African Identities, Violence and External Engagement.” African Affairs 104, no. 415 (April): 181-205.
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– 2008. “China’s Diplomatic Manoeuvring on the Question of Darfur.” Journal of Contemporary China 17, no. 54 (February): 71-84.
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Large, Daniel. 2009. “China's Sudan Engagement: Changing Northern and Southern Political Trajectories in Peace and War.” China Quarterly 199 (September): 610-626.
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Patey, Luke A. 2009. “Against the Asian Tide: The Sudan Divestment Campaign.” Journal of Modern African Studies 47, no. 4 (December): 551-573.
– 2007. “State Rules: Oil Companies and Armed Conflict in Sudan.” Third World Quarterly 28, no. 5 (July): 997-1016.
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Pollins, Brian M. 2008. “Globalization and Armed Conflict Among Nations.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 25, no. 3 (September): 191-205.
Rangasamy, Logan, and Jan Abraham Swanepoel. 2011. “China's Impact on South African Trade and Inflation.” Development Southern Africa 28, no. 1 (March): 141-156.
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Salmon, Jago, and Alex de Waal. 2005. “Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide.” (Review), Review of African Political Economy 32, no. 106 (December): 653-661.
Sanfilippo, Marco. 2010. “Chinese FDI to Africa: What Is the Nexus with Foreign Economic Cooperation?” African Development Review 22, no. S1 (December): 599-614.
Sautman, Barry, and Yan Hairong. 2009. “African Perspectives on China–Africa Links.” The China Quarterly 199, (September): 728-759.
Sawadogo, Wilfried Relwende. (2010). “US Post Cold-War Grand Strategy in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Policy of Containment or a Policy of Hedging toward Mainland China?” Tamkang Journal of International Affairs 13, no. 3 (January): 89-126.
Schiere, Richard, and Peter Walkenhorst. 2010. “Introduction: China's Increasing Engagement in Africa: Towards Stronger Trade, Investment and Development Cooperation.” African Development Review 22, no. S1 (December): 559-561.
Schmidinger, Thomas. 2009. “Tyrants and Terrorists: Reflections on the Connection between Totalitarianism, Neo-Liberalism, Civil War and the Failure of the State in Iraq and Sudan.” Civil Wars11, no. 3 (September): 359-379.
Schroeder, Miriam. 2008. “The Construction of China’s Climate Politics: Transnational NGOs and the Spiral Model of International Relations.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 21, no. 4 (December): 505-525.
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Verhoeven, Harry, Lydiah Kemunto Bosire, and Sharath Srinavasan. 2009. “Understanding Sudan’s Saviors and Survivors: Darfur in the Crossfire between Humanitarian Fundamentalism and Khartoum’s Divide and Rule.” Review of African Political Economy 36, no. 122 (December): 630-635.
Vivoda, Vlado. 2009. “China Challenges Global Capitalism.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 63, no. 1 (March): 22-40.
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Wendt, Alexander. 1992. “Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics.” International Organization 46, no. 2 (Spring): 391-425.
Williams, Paul D. 2008. “Keeping the Peace in Africa: Why "African" Solutions Are Not Enough.” Ethics & International Affairs 22, no. 3 (September): 309-329.
– 2006. “The African Union: Prospects for Regional Peacekeeping after Burundi and Sudan.” Review of African Political Economy 33, no. 108 (June): 352-357.
Wood, Eric, Susanna Khavul, Liliana Perez-Nordtvedt, Srinivas Prakhya, Rahul Velarde Dabrowski, and Congcong Zheng. 2011. “Strategic Commitment and Timing of Internationalization from Emerging Markets: Evidence from China, India, Mexico, and South Africa.” Journal of Small Business Management 49, no. 2 (March): 252-282.
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Yitzhak, Shichor. 2007. “China’s Darfur Policy.” China Brief 7, no. 7 (April): 5-8.
Young, John. 2007. “Sudan: Not More Diplomacy but Popular National Struggles Debate.” Review of African Political Economy 34, no. 111 (March): 155-164.
– 2006. “Eastern Sudan: Caught in a Web of External Interests.” Review of African Political Economy 33, no. 109 (September): 594-601.
– 2005. “Sudan: A Flawed Peace Process Leading to a Flawed Peace.” Review of African Political Economy 32, no. 103 (March): 99-113.
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Zha, Daojiong. 2006. “China’s Energy Security: Domestic and International Issues,” Survival 48, no. 1 (Spring): 179-190.
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- Theses, Dissertations, and Research Papers

Ahmed, Mohamed. 2008. “Sudan's Foreign Policy during the National Salvation Revolution 1989-1999.” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Reading.
Chau, Donovan C. 2005. “Grand Strategy into Africa: Communist China's Use of Political Warfare, 1955-1976.” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Reading.
Chen, Tong. 2008. “The Rise of Rimland China: A Geopolitical and Geostrategic Interpretation.” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Reading.
Ejibunu, Hassan Tai. 2008. “Sudan Darfur Region´s Crisis: Formula for Ultimate Solution.” EPU Research Papers, Issue 09/08, Stadtschlaining.
Rice, Chris. 2008. “Deconstructing the Emerging Chinese Narratives in Africa.” Master Thesis, California State University Dominguez Hills.
Wheeler, Anita. 2008. “Angola and Sudan’s Foreign Policy Toward China: An Analysis of the Human Security Impacts on the Populations of These Countries.” Master Thesis, Howard University.

- Conference Papers

Black, David. 2007. "Canada and the Crisis in Darfur: The Challenges and Contradictions of Norm Entrepreneurship?" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention, Hilton Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, February 28.
http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/8/0/8/7/pages180870/p180870-1.php
Large, Daniel. 2006. “Sudan-China Relations: An Historical Perspective on 'China's Outpost in Africa.” International Sudan Studies Conference, University of Bergen, April 6.
– 2006. “Armed Conflict in Africa: The Chinese Dimension.” International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, March 1.
– 2005. “The Politics of China's Relations with Africa: the Case of Sudan', University of Oxford Institute for Social and Cultural Anthropology, May 27.
– 2005. “The Role and Interests of China in Sudan.” Conference on 'Peace-building and Particular Interests: Compatible Aims or Contradictory Agendas?' Hermannsburg, Germany, April 8.
– 2006. “Crouching Tiger, Hidden Agenda? The Politics of 'China's Scramble for Africa.” University of Oslo, February 28.
Mahmoud, Mahgoub El-Tigani. 2004. “Inside Darfur: Ethnic Genocide by a Governance Crisis.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, February 24.
Obioha, Emeka 2005. “Climate Change, Population Drift and Violent Conflict Over Land Resources in North Eastern Nigeria,” Paper Presented at Human Security and Climate Change: An International Workshop, Norway, June 21-23.
Soares, Ricardo de Oliveira. 2006. “The Geopolitics of Chinese Oil Investment in Africa,” Conference on ‘A “Chinese Scramble”? The Politics of Contemporary China-Africa Relations’, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, July 12.
Tansey, Oisin. 2006. “Process Tracing and Elite Interviewing: A Case for Non-probability Sampling.” Annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Marriott, Loews Philadelphia, August 31.
Xiao, Yuhua. 2008. “China-African Civil Society Dialog.” Conference on ‘Chinese Perception of African Civil Society: How Can African Civil Society Organizations Engage China (Government, Civil Society Organizations, Multinational Corporations)’,Nairobi, Kenya, April 21-22.

- Official Reports and Documents, Newspapers, and Online Articles

Agence France Press. 2004. “Sudan Accuses Eritrea of Involvement in Darfur Crisis.” Sudan Tribune, July 31.
http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-accuses-Eritrea-of,4361
– 2004. “Eritrea Shipping Arms to Darfur Rebels.” Sudan Tribune, December 5.
http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?page=imprimable&id_article=6854
– 2007. “China, Sudan Strengthen Economic Ties.” Sudan Tribune, February 2.
http://www.sudantribune.com/China-Sudan-strengthen-economic,20074
Alexandra, Virginia. 2007. “National Security and the Threat of Climate Change.” The CNA Corporation, April.
http://www.npr.org/documents/2007/apr/security_climate.pdf
Ambrosetti, David. 2007. “Le Darfour, vu de l’ONU : La Difficile Prévention des Violences de Masse en Pratique.”Human Security Bulletin 5, no. 3, August 27.
http://www.cerium.ca/Le-Darfour-vu-de-l-ONU-la
Amnesty International. 2000. “Sudan: The Human Cost of Oil”, Amnesty International London, May 3.
http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR54/001/2000/en/82ee4ed1-dfc5-11dd-8e17-69926d493233/afr540012000en.pdf
– 2006. “People’s Republic of China Sustaining Conflict and Human Rights Abuses: The Flow of Arms Accelerates.” Amnesty International Official Website, June 11. http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA17/030/2006/en
Associated Free Press. 2011. “Chinese Oil Worker Killed in Sudan.” Sweetcrude Reports, October 4.
http://sweetcrudereports.com/2011/10/04/chinese-oil-worker-killed-in-sudan/
BBC News. 2006. “China, Russia Bar Sudan Sanctions.” BBC News Official Website, April 18.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4917970.stm
– 2007. “Chinese Leader Boosts Sudan Ties.” BBC News Official Website, February 2. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6323017.stm
– 2007. “Sudan ‘Will Support Darfur Force’.” BBC News Official Website, August 1. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6925538.stm
– 2009. “Wikileaks: US Monitors 'Aggressive' China in Africa.” BBC News Official Website, December 9.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11955516?print=true
Bengali, Shashank. 2007. “Darfur Conflict Takes Unexpected Turn.” McClatchy Newspapers, July 12.
http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2007/07/12/v-print/17820/darfur-conflict-takes-unexpected.html
Beri, Rahul. 2005. “Africa’s Energy Potential: Prospects for India.” Strategic Analysis 29, no. 3, July-September.
http://www.idsa.in/system/files/strategicanalysis_ruchita_0905.pdf
Business Times. 2005. “Malaysian Petronas Embarks on Oil Project in Sudan.” Sudan Tribune, December 13.
http://www.sudantribune.com/Malaysian-Petronas-embarks-on-oil,13018
Chan, Stephen. 2008. “Darfur and the Olympics.” New Statesman, February 18.
http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2008/02/sudan-chinese-darfur-china
Chan-Fishel, Michelle. 2007. “Time to Go Green: Environmental Responsibility in the Chinese Banking Sector.” Friends of the Earth - United States of America, May 9.
http://action.foe.org/pressRelease.jsp?press_release_KEY=222&t=2007_Global-Finance.dwt
China Daily. 2006. “Sudan Invites China for Closer Ties.” Sudan Tribune, January 25.
http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?page=imprimable&id_article=13753
– 2011. “China Trains Petroleum Workers in South Sudan.” Xinhua News, July 11.
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011-07/11/content_12879709.htm
China Times. 2011. “Through the Missionaries, Louis XIV Arose the ‘China Heat’ In France.” (傳教士牽線路易14掀中國熱), China Digital Times, November 6.
http://news.chinatimes.com/reading/110513/112011110600300.html
Christian Aid. 2007. “A Rich Seam: Who Benefits from Rising Commodity Prices?” Christian Aid Official Website, January.
http://www.christianaid.org.uk/Images/a_rich_seam.pdf
Darfur Peace & Development. 2010.“Aid Group Says Darfur Conflict “Gained in Intensity”.” Darfur Peace & Development Official Website, July 28.
http://www.darfurpeace.org/aid-group-says-darfur-conflict-%E2%80%9Cgained-in-intensity%E2%80%9D
Eisenman, Joshua, and Joshua Rogin. 2003. “China Must Play by the Rule in Oil-Rich Sudan.” Alexander’s Gas and Oil Connections 8, no. 16, August 21.
http://www.gasandoil.com/news/2003/08/cna33431
Engdahl, F. William. 2007. “Darfur: Forget Genocide, There’s Oil.” Asia Times, May 25.
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/IE25Cb04.html
Evelyn, Leopold. 2007. “U.N. Approves Darfur Force of up to 26,000”. The Globe
and Mail. July 31.
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/article792330.ece
Flint, Julie. 2007. “Darfur, Saving Itself.” Washington Post, June 3.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/01/AR2007060101850_pf.html
Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. 2006. “Cambodia 1975-2005: Journey through the Night.” Bonn: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/03913.pdf
Gareth, Evans. 2007. “Darfur: What Next?” Keynote address to International Crisis Group/Save Darfur Coalition/European Policy Centre Conference, Towards a Comprehensive Settlement for Darfur, Brussels, January 22.
http://www.gevans.org/speeches/speech402.html
Gareth, Evans and Donald Steinberg. 2007. “China and Darfur: ‘Signs of Transition’.” Guardian Unlimited, June 11.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2007/jun/11/signsoftransition
Government of Sudan. 2005. “Commission of Inquiry to Investigate Alleged Human Rights Violations Committed by Armed Groups in the Darfur States.” Sudan Government Official Document, Khartoum, January.
– 2000. “Sudanese Pipeline Sabotage Costs Millions.” Sudan Government Official Document, Khartoum, December.
Harman, Danna. 2007. “Is China Good for Africa? Lessons from Sudan.” China Digital Times, June 25. (A special series focusing on the dynamics of the relationship between China and Sudan).
http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2007/06/is-china-good-for-africa-danna-harman/
International Crisis Group (ICG). 2009. “China’s Growing Role in UN Peacekeeping.” Asia Report, no. 166, April 17.
http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/north-east-asia/china/166-chinas-growing-role-in-un-peacekeeping.aspx
– 2002. “God, Oil, and Country: Changing the Logic of War in Sudan.” ICG Africa Report, no. 39, ICG, Brussels.
http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/horn-of-africa/sudan/039-god-oil-and-country-changing-the-logic-of-war-in-sudan.aspx
– 2005. “Unifying Darfur’s Rebels: A Prerequisite for Peace.” International Crisis Group Official Website, October 6.
http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/horn-of-africa/sudan/B032-unifying-darfurs-rebels-a-prerequisite-for-peace.aspx
ICISS. 2001. “The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty.” International Development Research Council, Ottawa, December.
http://web.idrc.ca/openebooks/960-7/
Jakobson, Linda and Dean Knox. 2010. “New Foreign Policy Actors in China.” SIPRI Policy Paper, no. 26, September.
http://books.sipri.org/files/PP/SIPRIPP26.pdf
Jopson, Barney. 2007. "Beijing to Back Darfur Payment." Financial Times, October 4.
http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/dfd02ac6-7213-11dc-8960-0000779fd2ac,dwp_uuid=9511df10-6d6b-11da-a4df-0000779e2340.html#axzz1dnIMd7WM
Knickerbocker, Brad. 2007. “Could Global Warming Cause War?” The Christian Monitor Science, April 19.
http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0419/p02s01-usgn.html
Kohut, Andrew. 2007. “How the World Sees China.” Pew Global Attitudes Projects, December 11.
http://pewresearch.org/pubs/656/how-the-world-sees-china
Kühne, Kjell. 2008. “Chinese Relations with Africa: Does Propaganda Play a Role?” Institute of Chinese Studies, Heidelberg University, July 20.
http://www.slideshare.net/kjell79/chinese-relations-with-africa-does-propaganda-play-a-role
Large, Daniel. 2007. “China’s Involvement in Armed Conflict and Post-War Reconstruction in Africa: Sudan in Comparative Context.” Danish Institute for International Studies. June.
http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0C54E3B3-1E9C-BE1E-2C24-A6A8C7060233&lng=en&id=34012
Lei, Yang. 2006. “CRI Launches First Overseas FM Radio Station.” Chinese Government’s Official Web Portal, February 28.
http://www.gov.cn/misc/2006-02/28/content_212957.htm
Leopold, Evelyn. (2005). “Russia, China Expected to Oppose U.S. Over Darfur.”Military Photos Net, February 15.
http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?35241-Russia-China-Expected-to-Oppose-U-S-Over-Darfur&s=be18c200db7aba6dd0a6f3e896ccabf4
Loane, Geoff, and Tanja Schumer. 2000. “The Wider Impact of Humanitarian Assistance: The Case of Sudan and the Implications for European Union Policy.” Conflict Prevention Network, January 1.
http://www.amazon.com/Wider-Impact-Humanitarian-Assistance-Hans-Bockler-Stiftung/dp/images/3789065145
Lum, Thomas. 2009. “China’s Foreign Aid Activities in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia.” Congressional Research Service Official Report for US Congress, February 25.
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40361.pdf
Margolis, Eric S. 2004. “No Time for a Crusade in Sudan.” The Big Eye Portal, August 12. http://www.bigeye.com/fc081204.htm
McDoom, Opheera. 2006. “Chinese Arms in Darfur: The Twisted Trail of Weapons.” Reuters AlertNet, June 19.
http://www.cesarsalgado.net/200606/060619b.htm
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2010. “Sudan Activities.” Official Website on Official Accounts of Chinese Government Activities in Sudan, September 14.
http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/xybfs/gjlb/2883/2885/
Morton, Abramowitz and Jonathan Kolieb. 2007. “Why China Won’t Save Darfur.” Foreign Policy, June 5.
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2007/06/04/why_china_wont_save_darfur
Moscow Times. 2006. “Russia–Sudan Set up Business Partnership.” Sudan Tribune, May 19.
http://www.sudantribune.com/Russia-Sudan-set-up-business,15742
Natsios, Andrew. 2007. “US Defends China’s Role in Darfur.” The Financial Times, April 11.
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fb7f1e96-e84b-11db-b2c3-000b5df10621.html#axzz1dnIMd7WM
Pan, Esther. 2007. “China, Africa and Oil.” Council on Foreign Relations, January 26.
http://www.cfr.org/china/china-africa-oil/p10586
Patey, Luke A. 2007. “State Rules: Oil Companies and Armed Conflict in Sudan.”The Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen, Denmark,July 18.
http://www.diis.dk/graphics/_Staff/lpa/State_Rules.pdf
People Daily Online. 2011. “China Stresses People-to-People Exchanges for Stronger China-Europe Ties.” Xinhua News. September 15.
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/7596205.html
Polgreen, Lydia. 2009. “As Chinese Investment in Africa Drops, Hope Sinks.” New York Times, March 25.
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/world/africa/26chinaafrica.html?pagewanted=2
Prendergast, John, and Thomas-Jensen Colin. 2007. “An Axis of Peace for Darfur: The United States, France, and China.” The ENOUGH Project Press Release, June 18.
http://www.enoughproject.org/publications/axis-peace-darfur-united-states-france-and-china
Qian, Jason, and Xiaohui (Anne) Wu. 2007. "China's Delicate Role on Darfur." Belfer Center, July 23.
http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1728/chinas_delicate_role_on_darfur.html
Rediff. 2006. “India Gives 392 mln Loan to Sudan for Power Plant.” Sudan Tribune, January24.
http://www.sudantribune.com/India-gives-US-392-mln-loan-to,13708
Reeves, Eric. 2006. “China in Sudan: Underwriting Genocide.” Phayul.com-News, August 6.
http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=13451&article=China+in+Sudan%3A+Underwriting+genocide&t=1&c=1
Rights & Accountability in Development. 2009. “Chinese Mining Operations in Katanga, Democratic Republic of Congo.” RAID-UK, September.
http://raid-uk.org/docs/ChinaAfrica/DRCCHINA%20report.pdf
Robespierre Alain Saint. 2011. “Sud-Soudan Indépendance oyéééé !” Lefaso.net, July 8.
http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article42902&rubrique7
Saferworld China Program (2011). “China’s Growing Role in African Peace and Security.” Report, January.
http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads//pubdocs/Chinas%20Growing%20Role%20in%20African%20Peace%20and%20Security.pdf
Salmon, Jago and Daniel Large. 2010. “Darfur Case Study” in Diversity in Donorship: Field Lessons, edited by Adele Harmer and Ellen Martin, Humanitarian Policy Group Report, March 30.
http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/5876.pdf
Scholte, Jan Aart. 2002. “What Is Globalization? The Definitional Issue – Again.” CSGR Working Paper, no. 109/02, December.
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/csgr/research/workingpapers/2002/wp10902.pdf
Sengupta, Somini. 2004. “Sudan Government’s Attacks Stoke Rebels’ Fury.” New York Times, September 11.
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/11/international/africa/11darfur.html
Sherborne, Robin. 2006. “Namibian Political Magazine.” Insight, Namibia, Windhock, August 14.
Silverstein, Ken. 2005. “Official Pariah Sudan Valuable to America’s War on Terrorism.” Los Angeles Times opinion-editorial, April 29.
http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/29/world/fg-sudan29
Simmons, Mark, and Peter Dixon. 2006. “Peace by Piece: Addressing Sudan’s Conflicts.” Conciliation Resources, August 1.
http://www.transnational-perspectives.org/transnational/articles/article521.pdf
Small, Andrew, and Stephanie T. Kleine-Ahlbrandt. 2007. “China, the Unlikely Human Rights Champion.” Policy Innovations: A Program of the Carnegie Council, February 14.
http://www.policyinnovations.org/ideas/commentary/data/HumanRightsChampion
Small Arms Survey. 2007. “Arms, Oil and Darfur: The Evolution of Relations between China and Sudan.” Human Security Baseline Assessment, Sudan Issue Brief, July.
(A survey of available public information on China-Sudan relations, with emphasis on the arms trade, the oil economy and the conflict in Darfur.)
http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/pdfs/HSBA-SIB-7-Arms.pdf
Smith, Gayle. 2007. “The United States and Darfur: A Policy from Outside In.” Canadian Consortium on Human Security 5, no. 3, August.
http://www.humansecurity.info/#/vol53-smith/4527460530
Sudan Open Archives: A Digital Access to Knowledge about Sudan. Official Website.
http://www.sudanarchive.net/
Sudan Tribune. 2011. “China to Expand Investment in South Sudan after Independence.”
Sudan Tribune, June 1.
http://www.sudantribune.com/China-to-expand-investment-in,39080
– 2006. “China Backs Sudan’s Efforts to Resolve Darfur Crisis.” Sudan Tribune, March 27.
http://www.sudantribune.com/China-backs-Sudan-s-efforts-to,14728
Tanner, Victor. 2005. “Rule of Lawlessness: Roots & Repercussions of the Darfur Crisis.” Sudan Advocacy Coalition, Interagency Report, January.
http://www.sudanarchive.net/cgi-bin/pagessoa?a=pdf&d=Dunepd257&dl=1&sim=Screen2Image
Taylor, Darren. 2007. “Darfur Crisis Sparks Louder Call for 2008 Olympics Boycott.”
Voice of America News, June 19.
(A five-part series examining the dynamics and impact of the call for a possible
international boycott of the 2008 Olympics in Beijing over China’s support of the
Government of Sudan).
http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-Darfur-Crisis-Sparks-Louder-Calls-For-2008-Olympics-Boycott.html
The Hindustan Times. 2006. “President al-Bashir Lauds Sudan–Indian Ties.” Sudan Tribune, February 12.
http://www.sudantribune.com/President-al-Bashir-lauds-Sudan,14037
Tim, Shaw, and David Black. 2007. “Canada out of Africa? Disappointments around Darfur Omens for Canada’s 2010 G-8 Summit?” Canadian Consortium on Human Security 5, no. 3, August.
http://www.humansecurity.info/#/vol53-shaw-black/4527460575
United Nations. “Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations.” United Nations Official Website.
http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/
United Nations. 2005. “Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General.” United Nations Official Website, Geneva, January 25.
http://www.un.org/News/dh/sudan/com_inq_darfur.pdf
– 2006. “Report of the Panel of Experts, Resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan.” Paragraph 3, United Nations, S/2006/65, January 30.
http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2006/65
– 2007. “Report of the Panel of Experts, Resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan.” Paragraph 3, United Nations, S/2007/584, October 3.
http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2007/584
– 2007. “Security Council Authorizes Deployment of Hybrid AU-UN Peacekeeping Force in Darfur.” UN News Centre, August 1.
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/sc9089.doc.htm
United Nations Security Council. 2005. “Security Council Refers Situation in Darfur, Sudan to Prosecutor of International Criminal Court.” UN Press Release SC/835 on UN Resolution 1593, March 31.
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/sc8351.doc.htm
– 2006. “Security Council Expands Mandate of UN Mission in Sudan to Include Darfur.” UN Press Release SC/8821 on UN Resolution 1706, August 31. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sc8821.doc.htm
US Department of State. 1948. “Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945-1950: Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment.” (Document 269: Policy Planning Staff Memorandum), United States Government Official Website, Washington DC, May 4.
http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/intel/260_269.html
Wade, Abdoulaye. 2008. “President of Senegal Responds to China's Investment in Africa.” Emerging Minds, January 24.
http://emergingminds.org/President-of-Senegal-Responds-to-China-s-Investment-in-Africa.html
Walsh, Conal. 2006. “Is China the New Colonial Power in Africa?” Taipei Times, November 1.
http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2006/11/01/2003334317
Wang, Guangya. 2006. “Explanatory Remarks on Resolution 1672.”Official Website of the Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN, April 25.
http://www.china-un.org/eng/xw/t248836.htm
– 2007. “Explanation of Vote on Security Council Resolution on Darfur, Sudan.” Official Website of the Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations, July 31.
(Guangya Wang is ambassador, permanent representative of China to the United Nations and he Offers an explanation for China’s vote to authorize Resolution 1769).
http://www.china-un.org/eng/xw/t346707.htm
Xinhua News. 2007. “Hu Puts Forward Four-point Principle on Solving Darfur Issue.” Xinhua News Agency, February 3.
http://www.china.org.cn/english/infernational/198792.htm
Yang, Lina. 2011. “Darfur Peace Heads towards Final Station Despite Difficulties.” Xinhua News, July 26.
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-07/26/c_131011247.htm



- Audio, Movies, and Video Recording

Issues in Sudan and Darfur.
http://www.slideshare.net/yaplc/wisp-t38-sudan
Sudan: History of a Broken Land, a Film of January 2011.
http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/sudanthebreakup/2011/06/2011623122146319770.html
Sudan: Fight for the Soul of the North, a Film by Jamie Doran, 2011.
http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/sudanthebreakup/2011/06/2011623101752612497.html
The Dragon's Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa:
http://csis.org/multimedia/audio-dragons-gift-real-story-china-africa
Yoffie, David B. 2003. “Judo Strategy.” (Video recording), Stanford executive briefings video, Distributed by Kantola Productions.

 
 
 
 
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