American College Health Association. (2014). American College Health Association National College Health Assessment: Reference Group Executive Summary Spring 2014. American College Health Association. Retrieved from https://www.acha.org/documents/ncha/ACHANCHAII_ReferenceGroup_ExecutiveSummary_Spring2014.pdf
Aktekin, M., Karaman, T., Senol, Y.Y., Erdem, S., Erengin, H., and Akaydin, M. (2001). Anxiety, depression and stressful life events among medical students: a prospective study in Antalya, Turkey. Medical Education, 35, 12-7.
Andersen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., and Patrick, D. L. (1994). Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 10, 77-84.
Aspinwall, L. G., and Taylor, S. E. (1992). Modeling cognitive adaptation: A longitudinal investigation of the impact of individual differences and coping on college adjustment and performance. Journal of personality and social psychology, 63(6), 989-1003.
Balkin, R. S., Freeman, S. J., and Lyman, S. R. (2009). Forgiveness, reconciliation, and mechila: Integrating the Jewish concept of forgiveness into clinical practice. Counseling and Values, 53, 153−160.
Beasley, M., Thompson, T., and Davidson, J. (2003). Resilience in response to life stress: The effects of coping style and cognitive hardiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(1), 77-95.
Beck, A. T., and Young, J.E. (1978). College blues. Psychology Today, 12(4), 80-82.
Beiter, R., Nash, R., McCrady, M., Rhoades, D., Linscomb, M., Clarahan, M., and Sammut, S. (2014). The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Journal of Affective Disorder, 173, 90-96.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparatives fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238- 246.
Bentler, P.M. & Bonett, D.G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariances structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods and Research, 17, 303-316.
Browne, M.W. & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230-258.
Boden, J., Fergusson, D., and Horwood, L. (2006). Anxiety disorders and suicidal behaviors in young adulthood: Findings from a longitudinal study. Psychological Medicine, 37(3), 431–440.
Burnette, J.L., Davis, D.E., Green, J.D., WorthingtonJr, E.L., and Bradfield, E. (2009). Insecure attachment and depressive symptoms: The mediating role of rumination, empathy, and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(3), 276-280.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., and Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283.
Chung, M.S. (2016). Relation between lack of forgiveness and depression: The moderating effect of self-compassion. Psychological Reports, 119(3), 573–585.
Crumbaugh, J. C., and Henrion, R. (1988). The PIL Test: Administration, interpretation, uses theory and critique. International Forum for Logotherapy, 11(2), 76–88.
Damon, W., Menon, J. L., and Bronk, K. C. (2003). The development of purpose in life during adolescence. Applied Developmental Science, 7, 119-128.
Dohrenwend, B. S., and Dohrenwend, B. P. (1978). Some issues in research on stressful life events. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 166(1), 7–15.
Dyrbye, L.N., Thomas, M.R., and Shanafelt, T.D. (2006). Systematic Review of Depression, Anxiety, and Other Indicators of Psychological Distress Among U.S. and Canadian Medical Students. Academic Medicine, 81(4), 354-373.
Dyson, R., and Renk, K. (2006). Freshman adaptation to university life: Depressive symptoms, stress, and coping. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(10), 1231-1244.
Elder, G.H. (1998). The life courses as developmental theory. Child Development, 69, 1–12.
Emmons, R. A., Froh, J., & Rose, R. (2019). Gratitude. In M. W. Gallagher & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures. American Psychological Association. 317–332.
Emmons, R. A., and McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting Blessings Versus Burdens: An Experimental Investigation of Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being in Daily Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377–389.
Enright, R. D., and Gassin, E. A. (1992). Forgiveness: A developmental view. Journal of Moral Education, 21(2), 99−114.
Fan, L. B., Blumenthal, J. A., Watkins, L. L., Sherwood, A. (2015). Work and home stress: Associations with anxiety and depression symptoms. Occupational Medicine, 65, 110-116.
Farnsworth, D.L. (1997). Mental health and social change. Annual International Medical, 73, 467-472.
Fincham, F.D., and Way, R.W. (2019). Divine, interpersonal and self-forgiveness: Independently related to depressive symptoms? The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(4), 448-454.
Fitzgerald, P. (1998). Gratitude and justice. Ethics, 109, 119–153.
Folkman, S. (2008). The case for positive emotions in the stress process. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 21, 3–14.
Gall, M. D., Gall, J. P., and Borg, W. R. (2007). Educational research: An introduction (8th ed.). Boston: MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Goodwin, R. D., Fergusson, D. M., and Horwood, L. J. (2004). Association between anxiety disorders and substance use disorders among young persons: Results of a 21-year longitudinal study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38(3), 295–304.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., and Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson University Press.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., and Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed, a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152.
Hall, J.H., and Fincham, F.D. (2005). Self-forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 621–637.
Harris, A.H., Luskin, F.L., Norman, S.B., Standard, S., Bruning, J., Evans, S., and Thoresen, C.E. (2006). Effect of a group intervention on forgiveness, perceived stress, and trait-anger. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(6), 715-733.
Heyden, K.V., Dezutter, J., and Beyers, W. (2015). Meaning in Life and depressive symptoms: a person-oriented approach in residential and community-dwelling older adults. Journal of Aging and Mental Health, 19(12), 1063-1070.
Hill, P.L., Sin, N.L., Turiano, N.A., Burrow, A.L., and Almeida, D.M. (2018). Sense of Purpose Moderates the Associations Between Daily Stressors and Daily Well-being. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 52(8), 724–729.
Hirsch, J.K, Webb, J.R, and Jeglic, E.L. (2011). Forgiveness, depression, and suicidal behavior among a diverse sample of college students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(9), 896-906.
Ialongo, N., Edelsohn, G., Werthamer-Larsson, L., Crockett, L., and Kellam, S. (1995). The significance of self-reported anxious symptoms in first grade children: Prediction to anxious symptoms and adaptive functioning in fifth grade. Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 36, 427–437.
Ishida, R. and Okada, M. (2006). Effects of firm purpose in life on anxiety and sympathetic nervous activity caused by emotional stress: assessment by psychi-physiological method. Stres and Health, 22,275-281.
Ishida, R. (2008). Correlations Between Purpose in Life (ikigai) and State Anxiety in Schizoid Temperament with Considerations of Early Life, Youth, and Adulthood Experiences. Acta Medica et Biologica, 56(1), 27-32.
Kashani J.H., and Orvaschel, H. (1988). Anxiety disorders in mid adolescence: A community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 931-934.
Kessler, R.C. (1997). The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annual Reviewe of Psychology, 48, 191-214.
Kitamura, T., Kishida, Y., Gatayama, R., Matsuoka, T., Miura, S., and Yamabe, K. (2004). Ryff's psychological well-being inventory: Factorial sturcture and life history correlates among Japanese university students. Psychological Reports, 94, 83-103.
Kleiman, E.M., Adams, L.M., Kashdan, T. B., and Riskind, J.H. (2013). Grateful individuals are not suicidal: Buffering risks associated with hopelessness and depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Difference, 55(5), 595-599.
Kosine, N. R., Steger, M. F., and Duncan, S. (2008). Purpose-Centered Career Development: A Strengths-Based Approach to Finding Meaning and Purpose in Careers. Professional School Counseling, 12(2), 133-136.
Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., and Stillman, T. F. (2012). Gratitude and depressive symptoms: The role of positive reframing and positive emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 26(4), 615-633.
Lazarus, R. S., and Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
Lester, D. and Badro, S. (1992). Depression, suicidal preoccupation and purpose in life in a subclinical population. Personal Individual Different, 13(1), 75-76.
Lee, H.M., and Chen, M.T. (2009). Assessment of potential relationship between forgiveness and anxiety. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 41(1), 1–28.
Li, W., Zhang, L., Liu, B., and Cao, H. (2013). The impact of negative interpersonal life events on social adaptation of Chinese college students: Mediator effect of self-esteem. Social Behavior and Personality, 41(5), 705-714.
Liao, K. Y., Wei, M. (2015). Insecure attachment and depressive symptoms: Forgiveness of self and others as moderators. Personal Relationships, 22, 216–229.
Light, A. (2001). In-school work experience and the returns to schooling. Journal of Labor Economics, 19(1), 65–93.
Lightsey, O. R. (1994). 'Thinking positive' as a stress buffer: The role of positive automatic cognitions in depression and happiness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(3), 325-334.
Lin, C.C. (2015). Gratitude and depression in young adults: The mediating role of self-esteem and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 30-34.
Lin, Y., Worthington, E. L., Griffin, B. J., Greer, C. L., Opare-Henaku, A., Lavelock, C. R., and Muller, H. (2014). Efficacy of reach forgiveness across cultures. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(9), 781−793.
Lo, R. (2002). A longitudinal study of perceived level of stress, coping, and self-esteem of undergraduate nursing students an australian case study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 39(2), 119-123.
Lopez, F. G., Mitchell, P., and Gormley, B. (2002). Adult attachment orientations and college student distress: Test of a mediational model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 460-467.
Luskin, F.M., Ginzburg,K. and Thoresen, C.E. (2005). The eficcacy of forgivenes intervention in colloge adults: Randomized controlled study. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 29(2), 163-184.
Lyon, D.E. (2004). Purpose in Life and Depressive Symptoms in Persons Living with HIV Disease. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(2), 129-133.
Mahmoud, J.R., Hall, L.A., and Staten, R. (2010). The psychometric properties of the 21-item depression anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21) among a sample of young adults. Southern Online Journal of Nursing Research, 10(4), 1-14.
Mak, W. S., Ng, I. W., and Wong, C. Y. (2011). Resilience: Enhancing well-being through the positive cognitive triad. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 610-617.
Marsh, H.W. & Hocevar, D. (1985). Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: first-and higher-order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 562–582.
Marteau, T. M., and Bekker, H. (1992). The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State—Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 301–306.
Marum, G., Clench-Aas, J., Nes, R., and Raanaas, R. (2014). The relationship between negative life events, psychological distress and life satisfaction: a population-based study. Quality of Life Research, 23(2), 601-611.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., and Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112–127.
Monroe, S. M., Bromet, E. J., Connell, M. M., and Steiner, S. C. (1986). Social support, life events, and depressive symptoms: A 1-year prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 424-431.
Mosley, T. H., Perrin, S. G., Neral, S. M., Dubbert, P. M., Grothues, C. A., and Pinto, B. M. (1994). Stress, coping, and well-being among third-year medical students. Academic Medicine, 69(9), 765–767.
Nail, J., Christofferson, J., Ginsburg, G., Drake, K., Kendall, P., McCracken, J., and Sakolsky, D. (2015). Academic impairment and impact of treatments among youth with anxiety disorders. Child and Youth Care Forum, 44(3), 327-342.
National Institute of Mental Health (2013). Generalized anxiety disorder: When worry gets out of control. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/generalized-anxiety disordergad/index.shtml.
National Institute of Mental Health (2016). Depression Basics. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml
Nes, L. S., and Segerstrom, S. C. (2006). Dispositional optimism and coping: A meta-analytic review. Personality and social psychology review, 10(3), 235-251.
Newton, T. J., and Keenan, A. (1985). Coping with work-related stress. Human Relations, 2, 107-126.
Nezlek, J. B., and Kuppens, P. (2008). Regulating positive and negative emotions in daily life. Journal of Personality, 76(3), 561-580.
Nygren (2009). Gratitude and subjective well-being in early adolescence: Examining gender differences. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 633–650.
Orcutt, H.K, Pickett, S.M., and Pope, E.B. (2005). Experiential Avoidance and Forgiveness as Mediators in the Relation Between Traumatic Interpersonal Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(7), 1003-1029.
Park, C. L., and Helgeson, V. S. (2006). Introduction to the special section: Growth following highly stressful life events- Current status and future directions. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 74, 791-796.
Parkes, K. R. (1985). Coping in stressful episodes: The role of individual diferences, environmental factors, and situational characteristics, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1277–1292.
Pascarella, E. T., and Terenzini, P. T. (1998). Studying college students in the 21st century: Meeting new challenges. The Review of Higher Education, 21(2), 151–165.
Paykel, E. (2003). Life events and affective disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum, 418(108), 61-66.
Pearson, M.R., Brown, D.B., Bravo, A.J., and Witkiewitz, K. (2015). Staying in the moment and finding purpose: The associations of trait mindfulness, decentering, and purpose in life with depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and alcohol-related problems. Mindfulness, 6, 645-653.
Petrocchi, N., and Couyoumdjian, A. (2016) The impact of gratitude on depression and anxiety: the mediating role of criticizing, attacking, and reassuring the self. Self and Identity, 15(2), 191-205.
Pfund, G. N., and Hill, P. L. (2018). The multifaceted benefits of purpose in life. The International Forum for Logotherapy, 41, 1-11.
Philips, W. M. (1980). Purpose in life, depression, and locus of control. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36(3), 661-667
Phillips, A. C., Carroll, D., and Der, G. (2015). Negative life events and symptoms of depression and anxiety: stress causation and/or stress generation. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 28(4), 357-371.
Redfield, J., and Stone, A. A. (1979). Individual viewpoints of stressful life events. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 147-154.
Ryff, C. D., and Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719-727.
Rodríguez M.L.R, Medina C.L.R, Fuentes L.C, Torres A.S, and Bernal G. (2013). Depression symptoms and stressful life events among college students in Puerto Rico. Journal of Affect Disorder, 145(3), 324-330.
Ross, S. E., Niebling, B. C., Heckert, T. M. (1999). Sources of stress among college students. College Student Journal, 133(2), 312-318.
Santos, V., Paes, F., Pereira, V., Arias-Carrión, O., Silva, A. C., Carta, M. G., and Machado, S. (2013). The role of positive emotion and contributions of positive psychology in depression treatment: Systematic review. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 9(1), 221-237.
Sawyer, M. G., Pfeiffer, S., and Spence, S. H. (2009). Life events, coping and depressive symptoms among young adolescents: A one-year prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 117(1), 48-54.
Schulenberg, S.E., Schnetzer, L.W., & Buchanan, E.M. (2011). The Purpose in Life Test-Short Form: Development and Psychometric Support. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 861-876.
Seligman, M. P., and Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14.
Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., and Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60, 410-421.
Shankman, S., Klein, D., Torpey, D., Olino, T., Dyson, M., Kim, J., and Tenke, C. (2011). Do positive and negative temperament traits interact in predicting risk for depression? A resting EEG study of 329 preschoolers. Development and Psychopathology, 23(2), 551-562.
Sharma, R., and Sharma, P. (2015). A correlational study to assess the relation of anxiety and social phobia with academic performance of students in a selected nursing college. International Journal of Nursing Education, 7(2), 26-30.
Shaw, J. S. (1982). Psychological androgyny and stressful life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(1), 145-153.
Sonntag, H., Wittchen, H., Höfler, M., Kessler, R., and Stein, M. (2000). Are social fears and DSM-IV social anxiety disorder associated with smoking and nicotine dependence in adolescents and young adults? European Psychiatry, 15(1), 67–74.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., and Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Stein, M., Fuetsch, M., Muller, N., Hofler, M., Lieb, R., and Wittchen, H. (2001). Social anxiety disorder and the risk of depression: A prospective community study of adolescents and young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(3), 251–256.
Tanaka, J.S. & Huba, G.J. (1985). A fit index for covariance structure models under arbitrary GLS estimation. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38, 197-201.
Tennant, C. (2002). Life events, stress and depression: a review of recent findings. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36(2), 173-182.
Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., Heinze, L., Neufeld, J.E., Shorey, H. S., Roberts, J. C., and Roberts, D. E. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73, 313-359.
Thoits, P. A. (1995). Stress, coping, and social support processes: where are we? what next? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35, 53-79.
Tong, W., and Xiting, H. (2018). Purpose in life: A perspective of psychology. Advances in Psychological Science, 26(4), 731-743.
Toussaint, L. L., Owen, A. D., and Cheadle, A. (2012). Forgive to live: Forgiveness, health, and longevity. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35(4), 375-386. 31, 431−451.
Tram, J. M. and Cole, D. A. (2000). Self-perceived competence and the relation between life events and depressive symptoms in adolescence: Mediator or Moderator? Journal of Abnormal Pschychology, 109(4), 753-760.
Tucker, M., and Kelley, M. (2009). Social support and life stress as related to the psychological distress of single enlisted Navy mothers. Military Psychology, 21(2), 82-97.
Valikhani, A., Ahmadnia, F, Karimi, A, and Mills, P.J. (2019) The relationship between dispositional gratitude and quality of life: The mediating role of perceived stress and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 141, 40-46.
Vaughn, A.A., Drake Jr, R.R, and Haydock, S. (2016) College student mental health and quality of workplace relationships. Journal of American College Health, 64(1), 26-37.
Visser, P. L., Loess, P., Jeglic, E. L., and Hirsch, J. K. (2013). Hope as a moderator of negative life events and depressive symptoms in a diverse sample. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 29(1), 82-88.
Vogelzangs, N., Seldenrijk, A., Beekman, A. T., vanHout, H. P., deJonge, P., and Penninx, B. W. (2010). Cardiovascular disease in persons with depressive and anxiety disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 125(1), 241–248.
Waelde, L.C., Silvern, L., and Hodges, W.F. (1994). Stressful life events: Moderators of the relationships of gender and gender roles to self-reported depression and suicidality among college students. Sex Roles, 30, 1–22.
Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., and Kolts, R. L. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude, and relationships with subjective wellbeing. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 31(5), 431-452.
Westerhof, G.J., Bohlmeijer, E.T., Beljouw, I.M.J, and Pot, A.M. (2010). Improvement in Personal Meaning Mediates the Effects of a Life Review Intervention on Depressive Symptoms in a Randomized Controlled Trial. The Gerontologist, 50(4), 541–549.
Wethington, E. (2005). An overview of the life course perspective: Implications for health and nutrition. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 37, 115–120.
Wheaton, B. (1987). Assessment of fit in overidentified models with latent variables. Sociological Methods and Research, 16, 118–154.
Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P. A., and Joseph, S. (2008). The role of gratitude in the development of social support, stress, and depression: Two longitudinal studies. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 854-871.
Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J, and Geraghty, A. W. A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 890-905.
WorthingtonJr, E. L., Sharp, C. B., Lerner, A. J., and Sharp, J. R. (2006). Interpersonal forgiveness as an example of loving one’s enemies. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 34(1), 32−42.
Yan, L., Liu, K., Matthews, K., Daviglus, M., Ferguson, T., and Kiefe, C. (2003). Psychosocial factors and risk of hypertension: The coronary artery risk development in young adults. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(16), 2138–2148.
Young, C.C., and Mary, R.F. (2015). Stressful Life Events, Worry, and Rumination Predict Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Young Adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric, 28(1), 35-42.
Ysseldyk, R., Matheson, K., and Anisman, H. (2009). Forgiveness and the appraisal-coping process in response to relationship conflicts: Implications for depressive symptoms. Stress, 12(2), 152-166.
Zhang, M.X., Mou, N.L.,Tong, K.K., and Wu, A.M. (2018) Investigation of the Effects of Purpose in Life, Grit, Gratitude, and School Belonging on Mental Distress among Chinese Emerging Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15(10), 21-47.