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題名：論外國投資人與地主國國際投資仲裁機制中之反訴及相關義務
作者：蔡昀昕 引用關係
作者(外文)：TSAI, YUN-HSIN
校院名稱：中國文化大學
系所名稱：法律學系
指導教授：潘維大
許惠峰
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2022
主題關鍵詞：國際投資仲裁；國際投資協定；國際投資爭端；國際法義務；監管規制權；投資規則；人權規則；環境規則；爭端解決；反訴；International Investment Arbitration；International Investment Agreements；International Investment Disputes；International Legal Obligations；Regulatory Powers；Investment Rules；Human Rights Rules；Environmental Rules；Dispute Settlement；Counterclaims
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
相關次數：
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
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摘 要
晚近國際投資中越來越多加強地主國監管規制權以維護公共利益與保障人權環境的呼籲和行動，地主國、外國投資人、第三方法庭之友，紛紛在國際投資仲裁中提出人權或環境權等公共利益方面的意見，致國際投資仲裁庭需要面對相關問題；尤其是地主國人權抗辯、環境權抗辯與有關反訴的發展，表現出國際投資法律保護機制存在著某種程度的缺失而正面臨著改革挑戰，並因此衍生出投資規則與人權、環境權規則的適用衝突問題。然而除了與國際投資爭端有關聯的人權或環境權等公共利益爭端外，其實國際投資仲裁庭並非處理人權或環境權等類爭端的合理機構，惟國際人權法與國際環境法或可做為國際投資爭端的準據法，且與時俱進，國際投資協定中建議也可訂定人權或環境權等公共利益條款。近期的國際投資仲裁裁決皆已承認國際投資仲裁庭對反訴具有管轄權，並肯認外國投資人得做為國際法義務下的義務主體，因此亦應遵循相關義務。惟單就國際法或地主國國內法課予外國投資人義務並不會構成國際投資協定的違反，仍須視其是否具有準據法規定對外國投資人課予相應義務。因此，若欲顛覆國際投資協定傳統的不對稱性，使地主國得就外國投資人在其領土內的不當行為請求負擔損害賠償責任，追根究底仍須透過修訂個別國際投資協定，在爭端解決章節中直接加入外國投資人的義務，或在準據法條款中增訂外國投資人有遵守國際法或地主國國內法的協定義務，地主國方有成功主張反訴的可能。雖然將外國投資人的實質義務加入國際投資協定規範，可能削弱外國投資人進行國際投資的動機，進而對地主國經濟造成不利益，但近年來由於已開發國家外國投資人大量運用地主國與外國投資人間爭端解決國際投資仲裁機制，使國際投資協定的不對稱性已對經濟弱勢的開發中國家造成極大威脅，因此在經濟發展與重視人權、環境等重要非經濟價值的權衡下，增訂此類規範，使外國投資人盡其社會責任而負擔相關義務，實具必要性。
Abstract
In international investment, calls to action have increasingly been issued to strengthen the supervisory power of landlord countries, safeguard public interests, and protect human rights and the environment. Landlord countries, foreign investors, and friends of the court as third parties have all raised the topics of human rights, the environment, and other public interests during international investment arbitration. The international investment arbitration tribunal must address these topics, especially the development of landlords’ human rights and environmental defenses as well as related counterclaims. This indicates a lack of legal protection mechanisms for international investment. Reform has resulted in conflict regarding the application of investment, human rights, and environmental rules. With the exception of public interest disputes, such as international investment disputes over human rights or the environment, the international investment arbitration tribunal is not suited for handling human rights and similar public interest disputes. However, international human rights law and environmental law may be used as standards for international investment disputes. To comply with the law and keep pace with changing times, international investment agreements and treaties have required that public interest clauses, such as those for human and environmental rights, be created.
International investment arbitration awards have demonstrated that the international investment arbitration tribunal has jurisdiction over counterclaims and that foreign investors are subject to under international law and should therefore comply with related legal obligations. However, the obligations of foreign investors based solely on international law or the domestic law of the landlord country do not violate the international investment agreement, and foreign investors remain subject to corresponding obligations if landlord countries have applicable laws. Therefore, to subvert the traditional asymmetry of international investment agreements and enable landlord countries to claim liability for damages from foreign investors’ misconduct in their territory, individual international investment agreements must be amended to resolve disputes. The chapter directly includes the obligations of foreign investors or adds to the applicable legal clauses regarding foreign investors’ obligation to abide by international law or the domestic law of the landlord country; furthermore, the landlord country may successfully file a counterclaim.
Although the inclusion of substantive obligations for foreign investors in international investment agreements may weaken their motivation to invest and thus negatively affect the landlord’s economy, economically successful countries have numerous foreign investors. The international investment arbitration mechanism has made the asymmetry of international investment agreements considerably threatening to economically disadvantaged countries. Therefore, to balance economic development and human rights, a category for environmental values and other key noneconomic values is used. Regulations are required for foreign investors to fulfill their social responsibilities and related obligations.
參考文獻

中文
一、專書 (按作者或編者姓氏筆劃數依序排列)
1、丘宏達著、陳純一修訂，現代國際法，三民，2021 年，修訂 4 版。new window
2、李貴英，國際投資法專論－國際投資爭端之解決，元照，2004 年。
3、吳志光，行政法，新學林，2020 年，第 10 版。
4、林錫堯，行政法要義，元照，2006 年，第 3 版。
5、陳敏，行政法總論，新學林，2019 年，第 10 版。
6、楊崇森等，仲裁法新論，社團法人中華民國仲裁協會，2008 年，第 3 版。
二、專書論文 (按作者或編者姓氏筆劃數依序排列)
1、李念祖、陳緯人、李劍非著，陳長文、李家慶編，兩岸民間投資人對政府間 (P to G) 爭議之解決，兩岸投資保障和促進協議與兩岸商務投資糾紛解決機制，五南圖書出版股份有限公司，2012 年。new window
2、楊培侃，國際投資爭端中菸品包裝規範與商標使用爭議之探討－以Philip Morris v. Uruguay案為中心，第十七屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會論文集，國立政治大學商學院 (國際經貿組織暨法律研究中心)，2017 年。
3、薛景文，論環保條款於投資協定之新定位，第十七屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會論文集，國立政治大學商學院 (國際經貿組織暨法律研究中心)，2017年。new window
三、期刊論文 (按作者或編者姓氏筆劃數依序排列)
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9、陳麗娟，全球治理下「投資人地主國爭端解決機制」之研究：以歐洲與加拿大的CETA為例，貿易政策論叢，第23期，2015年8月。
10、高啟中，投資人對地主國仲裁的前置程序之探討－以等待期間條款為中心，中原財經法學，第35期，2015年12月。new window
11、鄧衍森，國際法的規範向度，司法新聲，第 104 期，2012 年 11 月。
12、藍瀛芳，專案仲裁與機構仲裁的分野及其不同的程序機制，仲裁，第 101期，2015 年 4 月。
四、官方出版法律條文或判決等政府資料
(一) 條約/協定 (依簽署年份遞升排列)
1、中美關於保證美國投資制度換文 (1952)new window
2、臺北投資業務處和新加坡經濟發展局投資促進和保護協定 (1990.4)
3、中印尼投資保證協定 (1990.12)
4、中華民國政府與巴拉圭共和國政府相互投資保證協定 (1992)
5、中馬投資保障協定 (1993.2)
6、駐越南臺北經濟文化辦事處和駐臺北越南經濟文化辦事處投資促進和保護協定 (1993.4)
7、臺北經濟部與布宜諾斯艾利斯經濟暨公共工程與服務部關於投資促進及保護協定 (1993.11)
8、中華民國政府與奈及利亞聯邦共和國政府間投資促進暨保護協定 (1994)
9、中華民國政府與馬拉威共和國政府投資保證協定 (1995)
10、中泰投資促進及保障協定 (1996)
11、中華民國與塞內加爾共和國政府間相互促進暨保障投資協定 (1997)
12、中華民國與史瓦帝尼王國政府投資促進暨保護協定 (1998.3)
13、中華民國與布吉納法索政府間相互促進暨保障投資協定 (1998.10)
14、中華民國政府與多明尼加共和國政府投資促進暨保護協定 (1998.11)
15、中華民國政府與貝里斯政府投資促進暨保護協定 (1999.1)new window
16、中華民國與哥斯大黎加共和國間促進暨相互保障投資協定 (1999.3)
17、中華民國政府與馬紹爾群島共和國政府投資促進暨保護協定 (1999.5)
18、中華民國政府與馬其頓共和國政府投資促進暨相互保護協定 (1999.6.9)
19、中華民國政府與賴比瑞亞共和國政府投資促進暨相互保護協定 (1999.6.17)
20、中華民國政府與瓜地馬拉共和國政府投資促進及保護協定 (1999.11)
21、臺北經濟部與利雅德財經部間促進暨保障投資備忘錄 (2000)
22、中華民國與巴拿馬共和國自由貿易協定 (投資章)(2003)
23、中華民國政府與瓜地馬拉共和國自由貿易協定 (投資章)(2005)
24、中華民國與尼加拉瓜共和國自由貿易協定(投資章)(2006)
25、中華民國與薩爾瓦多共和國暨宏都拉斯共和國自由貿易協定(投資章)(2007)
26、中華民國政府與聖文森國政府投資相互促進暨保護協定 (2009)
27、中華民國政府與甘比亞共和國投資促進及相互保護協定 (2010)
28、亞東關係協會與財團法人交流協會有關投資自由化、促進及保護合作協議 (2011)
29、海峽兩岸投資保障和促進協議 (2012)
30、臺澎金馬個別關稅領域與紐西蘭經濟合作協定 (投資章)(Agreement between New Zealand and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu on Economic Cooperation，簡稱臺紐經濟合作協定 ANZTEC)(2013.7)
31、新加坡與臺澎金馬個別關稅領域經濟夥伴協定 (投資章)(Agreement between Singapore and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu on Economic Partnership，簡稱臺星經濟夥伴協定 ASTEP)(2013.11)
32、駐菲律賓臺北經濟文化辦事處與馬尼拉經濟文化辦事處投資保障及促進協定 (2017)
33、駐印度臺北經濟文化中心與印度台北協會雙邊投資協定 (2018)
34、駐越南台北經濟文化辦事處與駐台北越南經濟文化辦事處投資促進及保障協定 (2019)
(二) 政府出版品
經濟部投資業務處，國際投資協定－分析釋義，臺北：經濟部，2012 年。
五、學位論文
1、徐耀浤，國際解決投資爭端中心管轄權問題及其改革之研究－兼論 WTO 納入投資人與地主國爭端解決機制之展望，國立政治大學國際貿易研究所學位論文，2004 年。new window
3、詹凱惟，國際投資條約適用於主權債務重整之法律問題及未來改革方向，國立臺灣大學法律學研究所學位論文，2014 年。
4、陳稚卿，國際投資爭端解決之研究－以投資人與地主國爭端仲裁為中心，國立政治大學國際經營與貿易學系研究所學位論文，2015 年。
5、李潔，論「揭穿公司面紗原則」功能之擴張及其於國際投資仲裁之適用，國立臺灣大學法律學研究所學位論文，2015 年。
六、網站資料
1、國家圖書館：https://www.ncl.edu.tw/new window
2、中國文化大學圖書館：http://www.lib.pccu.edu.tw/
3、月旦法學知識庫：http://www.lawdata.com.tw
4、全國法規資料庫：http://law.moj.gov.tw/
5、法源法律網：http://www.lawbank.com.tw/
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7、經濟部國際貿易局，CPTPP 簡介，
https://cptpp.trade.gov.tw/Information/Detail?source=vHHe8sRaFNJz9QUAGekZvSsqGwdcYzASxGRco9WZVKk= (最後瀏覽日期：2022 年 5 月 20 日)。
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https://www.trade.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeID=1567&pid=555772 (最後瀏覽日期：2022 年 5 月 20 日)。
9、經濟部國際貿易局，USMCA 簡介，
https://www.trade.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeID=4457&pid=725807 (最後瀏覽日期：2022 年 5 月 20 日)。
10、經濟部投資業務處，投資促進合作協定，
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英文
一、專書 (按作者或編者姓氏字母依序排列)
1. CRAWFORD, JAMES, BROWNLIE'S PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York, 8th ed., 2012).new window
2. DOUGLAS, ZACHARY, THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF INVESTMENT CLAIMS (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009).
3. KJOS, HEGE ELISABETH, APPLICABLE LAW IN INVESTOR-STATE ARBITRATION, THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAW (Oxford University Press, 2013).
4. KLABBERS, JAN, PETERS, ANNE & ULFSTEIN, GEIR, THE CONSTITUTIONALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009).
5. MOUYAL, LONE WANDAHL, INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW AND THE RIGHT TO REGULATE: A HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE (Routledge, New York, 2016).
6. NEWCOMBE, A. & PARADELL, L., LAW AND PRACTICE OF INVESTMENT TREATIES: STANDARDS OF TREATMENT (Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, New York & Austin, TEX, 2009).
7. SCHREUER, CHRISTOPH H., MALINTOPPI, LORETTA, REINISCH, AUGUST & SINCLAIR, ANTHONY, THE ICSID CONVENTION: A COMMENTARY (2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, 2009).
8. SORNARAJAH, M., THE INTERNATIONAL LAW ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 3rd ed., 2010).
9. VADI, VALENTINA, ANALOGIES IN INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW AND ARBITRATION (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2016).
二、專書論文 (按作者或編者姓氏字母依序排列)
1. ALVAREZ, JOSE ENRIQUE, The Use (and Misuse) of European Human Rights Law in Investor-State Dispute Settlement, in FRANCO FERRARI ED., THE IMPACT OF EU LAW ON INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION (Franco Ferrari, ed., Juris, 2017).new window
2. CLARA, REINER & CHRISTOPH, SCHREUER, Human Rights and International Investment Arbitration, in HUMAN RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW AND ARBITRATION (Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York, 2009).
3. SIMMA, BRUNO & KILL, THEODORE, Harmonizing Investment Protection and International Human Rights: First Steps Towards a Methodology, in CHRISTINA BINDER, URSULA KRIEBAUM, AUGUST REINISCH & STEPHAN WITTICH ED., INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF CHRISTOPH SCHREUER (Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York, 2009).
4. VERHOOSEL, GAËTAN, Annulment and Enforcement of Treaty Awards: To ICSID or Not to ICSID, in ICCA CONGRESS SERIES NO. 14 (Albert Jan Van Den Berg, ed., 2009).
三、期刊論文 (按作者或編者姓氏字母依序排列)
1. Astorga, Ricardo L., The Nationality of Juridical Persons in the ICSID Convention in Light of Its Jurisprudence, University of Heidelberg, 11 Max Planck UNYB 417-472 (2007).new window
2. Baker, James C. & Yoder, Lois J., ICSID and the Calvo Clause a Hindrance to Foreign Direct Investment in LDCs, 5:1 J. ON DIS. RES. 75-95 (1989).new window
3. Beharry, Christina L. & Kuritzky, Melinda E., Going Green: Managing the Environment Through International Investment Arbitration, 30 (3) Am. U. Int’l L. Rev. 383-429 (2015).
4. De Brabandere, Eric & Lepeltak, Julia, Third-Party Funding in International Investment Arbitration, 27(2) ICSID Review 379-398 (2012).
5. Lalive, Pierre & Halonen, Laura, On the Availability of Counterclaims in Investment Treaty Arbitration, 2 CYIL 141-156 (2011).
6. Levashova, Yulia, The Accountability and Corporate Social Responsibility of Multinational Corporations for Transgressions in Host States through International Investment Law, 14:2 ULR 40-55 (2018).
7. Lowenfeld, Andreas F., The ICSID Convention: Origins and Transformation, 38:47 GA. J. INT’L & COMP. L. 47-61 (2009).
8. Meshel, Tamar, Human Rights in Investor-State Arbitration: The Human Right to Water and Beyond, 6(2) J. INT’L DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 277-307 (2015).
9. Pegna, O. L., Counter-claims and Obligations Erga Omnes before the International Court of Justice, 9 EUROPEAN INT’L L.J. 724-736 (1998).
10. Simma, Bruno, Foreign Investment Arbitration: A Place for Human Rights?, 60:3 THE INT’L & COMPARATIVE L. QUARTERLY 573-596 (2011).
11. Van Harten, Gus & Loughlin, Martin, Investment Treaty Arbitration as a Species of Global Administrative Law, 17:1 EJIL 121-150 (2006).new window
12. Vohryzek-Griest, Ana, State Counterclaims in Investor-State Disputes: A History of 30 Years of Failure, 15 INT’L L., REV. COLOMB. DERECHO INT’L, 83-124 (2009).
四、案例
1. ADC Affiliate Limited and ADC & ADMC Management Limited v. Republic of Hungary, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/16. Award of the Tribunal (Oct. 2, 2006).new window
2. Aguas del Tunari, S.A. v. Republic of Bolivia, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/3. Petition by NGOs and People to Participate as an Intervening Party or Amici Curiae (Aug. 29, 2002).
3. Alpha Projektholding GmbH v. Ukraine, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/16. Award (Nov. 8, 2010).
4. Amco Asia Corporation and others v. Republic of Indonesia, ICSID Case No. ARB/81/1. Decision on Jurisdiction (Sep. 25, 1983).new window
5. Amco Asia Corporation and others v. Republic of Indonesia, ICSID Case No. ARB/81/1. Decision on Jurisdiction in Resubmitted Proceeding (May 10, 1988).new window
6. Anglo American PLC v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/14/1.new window
7. Antoine Biloune and Marine Drive Complex Ltd. v. Ghana Investments Centre and the Government of Ghana, UNCITRAL, Award on Jurisdiction and Liability (Oct. 27, 1989).
8. Antoine Goetz & Others and S.A. Affinage des Metaux v. Republic of Burundi, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/2. Award (Jun. 21, 2012).
9. Ascom Group S.A., Anatolie Stati, Gabriel Stati and Terra Raf Trans Traiding Ltd. v. Republic of Kazakhstan, SCC Case No. 116/2010.
10. Azurix Corp. v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/12. Award (Jul. 14, 2006).
11. Burlington Resources, Inc. v. Republic of Ecuador, ICSID Case No. ARB/08/5.
12. Bernhard von Pezold and Others v. Republic of Zimbabwe, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/15. Procedural Order No. 2 (Jun. 26, 2012).
13. Biwater Gauff (Tanzania) Limited v. United Republic of Tanzania, ICSID Case No. ARB/05/22. Petition for Amicus Curiae Status (Nov. 27, 2006).
14. Biwater Gauff (Tanzania) Limited v. United Republic of Tanzania, ICSID Case No. ARB/05/22. Award (Jul. 24, 2008).
15. Cementownia "Nowa Huta" S.A. v. Republic of Turkey, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/06/2.
16. Chemtura Corporation v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL (formerly Crompton Corporation v. Government of Canada). Award (Aug. 2, 2010).
17. Chevron Corporation and Texaco Petroleum Corporation v. The Republic of Ecuador (II), PCA Case No.2009-23, Claimants’ Notice of Arbitration (Sep. 23, 2009).
18. CMS Gas Transmission Company v. The Argentine Republic , ICSID Case No. ARB/01/8 (Argentina-United States of America BIT). Award (May 12, 2005).
19. CMS Gas Transmission Company v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/8. Decision of the ad hoc Committee on the Application for Annulment of the Argentine Republic (Sep. 25, 2007).
20. Continental Casualty Company v. Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/9. Award (Sep. 5, 2008).
21. Copper Mesa Mining Corporation v. Republic of Ecuador, PCA No. 2012-2.
22. David R. Aven and Others v. Republic of Costa Rica, ICSID Case No. UNCT/15/3. Award of the Tribunal (Sep. 18, 2018).
23. EDF International S.A., SAUR International S.A. and Léon Participaciones Argentinas S.A. v. Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/23. Award (Jun. 11, 2012).
24. Electrabel S.A. v. The Republic of Hungary, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/19. Decision on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law and Liability (Nov. 30, 2012).
25. El Paso Energy International company v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/15. Award (Oct. 31, 2011).
26. Elsamex, S.A. v. Republic of Honduras, ICSID Case No. ARB/09/4.
27. Ethyl Corporation v. The Government of Canada, UNCITRAL. Award on Jurisdiction (Jun. 24, 1998).
28. FEDAX N.V. v. The Republic of Venezuela, ICSID Case No. ARB/96/3.
29. Frontier Petroleum Services Ltd. v. The Czech Republic, UNCITRAL, Final Award (Nov. 12, 2010).
30. Glamis Gold, Ltd. v. The United States of America, UNCITRAL (NAFTA), Amicus Curiae Submission of Friends of the Earth (Sep. 30, 2005).
31. Grand River Enterprises Six Nations, Ltd., et al. v. United States of America, UNCITRAL, Award (redacted version)(Jan. 12, 2011).
32. Gustav F W Hamester GmbH & Co KG v. Republic of Ghana, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/24. Award (Jun. 18, 2010).
33. Hesham T. M. Al Warraq v. Republic of Indonesia, UNCITRAL.
34. Impregilo S.p.A. v. Argentine Republic (I), ICSID Case No. ARB/07/17. Award (Jun. 21, 2011).
35. Iron Rhine Arbitration (Belgium/Netherlands), PCA No. 2003-02.
36. Helnan International Hotels A/S v. Arab Republic of Egypt, ICSID Case No. ARB/05/19. Award (Jul. 3, 2008).
37. Inmaris Perestroika Sailing Maritime Services GmbH and others v. Ukraine, ICSID Case No. ARB/08/8.
38. Lao Holdings N.V. v. Lao People’s Democratic Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/12/6.
39. LG&E Energy Corp., LG&E Capital Corp., and LG&E International, Inc. v. Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/1. Decision on Liability (Oct.3, 2006).new window
40. Limited Liability Company Amto v. Ukraine, SCC Case No. 080/2005.
41. Malaysian Historical Salvors, SDN, BHD v. The Government of Malaysia, ICSID Case No. ARB/05/10. Award on Jurisdiction (May 17, 2007).
42. Marvin Roy Feldman Karpa v. United Mexican States, ICSID Case No. ARB (AF)/99/1. Award (Dec.16, 2002). (Also known as Marvin Feldman v. Mexico)new window
43. Marco Gavazzi and Stefano Gavazzi v. Romania, ICSID Case No. ARB/12/25.
44. M.C.I. Power Group L.C. and New Turbine, Inc. v. Republic Ecuador, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/6. Decision on Annulment (Oct. 19, 2009).
45. Metalclad Corporation v. The United Mexican States, ICSID Case No. ARB (AF)/97/1. Award (Aug. 30, 2000).new window
46. Metal-Tech Ltd. v. Republic of Uzbekistan, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/3.
47. Methanex Corporation v. United States of America, UNCITRAL. Decision of the Tribunal on Petitions from Third Persons to Intervene as "amici curiae" (Jan. 15, 2001).
48. Methanex Corporation v. United States of America, UNCITRAL. Partial Award (Preliminary Award on Jurisdiction and Admissibility)(Aug. 7, 2002).
49. Methanex Corporation v. United States of America, UNCITRAL, Final Award of the Tribunal on Jurisdiction and Merits (Aug. 3, 2005).
50. Mondev International Ltd. v. United States of America, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/99/2. Award (Oct. 11, 2002).
51. National Grid plc v. The Argentine Republic, UNCITRAL. Award (Nov. 3, 2008).
52. Oao Neftyanaya Kompaniya Yukos v. Russia, European Court of Human Rights, Application No.14902/04, Judgment (Jul. 31, 2014).
53. OMV AG v. Ministry of Environment, Water and Forests of Romania, ICC Case No. 22651/MHM/HBH.
54. Pac Rim Cayman LLC v. Republic of El Salvador, ICSID Case No. ARB/09/12. Award (Oct. 14, 2016).
55. Philip Morris Asia Limited v. The Commonwealth of Australia, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2012-12. Notice of Claim (Jun. 22, 2011).
56. Philip Morris Asia Limited v. The Commonwealth of Australia, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2012-12. Notice of Arbitration (Nov. 21, 2011).
57. Philip Morris Asia Limited v. The Commonwealth of Australia, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2012-12. Australia's Response to the Notice of Arbitration (Dec. 21, 2011).
58. Philip Morris Asia Limited v. The Commonwealth of Australia, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2012-12. Award on Jurisdiction and Admissibility (Dec. 17, 2015).
59. Philip Morris Brands Sàrl, Philip Morris Products S.A. and Abal Hermanos S.A. v. Oriental Republic of Uruguay, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/7. Written Submission (Amicus Curiae Brief) by the WHO and the Secretariat of the Tobacco Control Convention (Jan. 28, 2015). (formerly FTR Holding SA, Philip Morris Products S.A. and Abal Hermanos S.A. v. Oriental Republic of Uruguay).
60. Philip Morris Brands Sàrl, Philip Morris Products S.A. and Abal Hermanos S.A. v. Oriental Republic of Uruguay, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/7. Award (Jul. 8, 2016). (formerly FTR Holding SA, Philip Morris Products S.A. and Abal Hermanos S.A. v. Oriental Republic of Uruguay)
61. Phoenix Action Ltd. v. Czech Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/06/5. Award (Apr. 15, 2009).
62. Pope & Talbot Inc. v. The Government of Canada, UNCITRAL, Interim Award (Jun. 26, 2000).
63. Romak S.A. (Switzerland) v. The Republic of Uzbekistan, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. AA280. Award (Nov. 26, 2009).
64. Ronald S. Lauder v. The Czech Republic, UNCITRAL. Final Award (Sep. 3, 2001).
65. Saipem S.p.A. v. The People's Republic of Bangladesh, ICSID Case No. ARB/05/07. Decision on Jurisdiction and Recommendation on Provisional Measures (Mar. 21, 2007).
66. Salini Costruttori S.p.A. and Italstrade S.p.A. v. Kingdom of Morocco [I], ICSID Case No. ARB/00/4.
67. Saluka Investments B.V. v. The Czech Republic, UNCITRAL, Decision on Jurisdiction over the Czech Republic’s Counterclaim (May 7, 2004).
68. Saluka Investments B.V. v. The Czech Republic, UNCITRAL, Partial Award (Mar. 17, 2006).
69. S.D. Myers, Inc. v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL. Partial Award (Nov. 13, 2000).
70. S.D. Myers, Inc. v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL. Final Award (Dec. 30, 2002).
71. Sempra Energy International v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/16. Decision on Objections to Jurisdiction (May 11, 2005).
72. Sempra Energy International v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/16. Award (Sep. 28, 2007).
73. Sempra Energy International v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/16. Decision on the Argentine Republic's Application for Annulment of the Award (Jun. 29, 2010).
74. Siemens A.G. v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/8. Award (Jan. 17, 2007).
75. Southern Pacific Properties (Middle East) Limited v. Arab Republic of Egypt, ICSID Case No. ARB/84/3. Award (May 20, 1992).
76. Spyridon Roussalis v. Romania, ICSID Case No. ARB/06/1. Award (Dec. 7, 2011).new window
77. Staur Eiendom AS, EBO Invest AS and Rox Holding AS v. Republic of Latvia, ICSID Case No. ARB/16/38.
78. Suez, Sociedad General de Aguas de Barcelona, S.A. and Vivendi Universal, S.A. (formerly Aguas Argentinas, S.A., Suez, Sociedad General de Aguas de Barcelona, S.A. and Vivendi Universal, S.A.) v. Argentine Republic (II), ICSID Case No. ARB/03/19. Order in Response to a Petition for Participation as Amicus Curiae (Mar. 19, 2005).
79. Suez, Sociedad General de Aguas de Barcelona, S.A. and Vivendi Universal, S.A. (formerly Aguas Argentinas, S.A., Suez, Sociedad General de Aguas de Barcelona, S.A. and Vivendi Universal, S.A.) v. Argentine Republic (II), ICSID Case No. ARB/03/19. Decision on Liability (Jul. 30, 2010).
80. Técnicas Medioambientales Tecmed v. United Mexican States, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/00/2. Award (May 29, 2003).
81. The Channel Tunnel Group Limited and France-Manche S.A. v. The Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the French Republic, PCA, Partial Award, (Jan. 30, 2007).
82. United Parcel Service of America Inc. (UPS) v. Government of Canada, ICSID Case No. UNCT/02/1. Submission of the Canadian Union of Postal Workers and the Council of Canadians (Nov. 8, 2000).new window
83. Urbaser S.A. and Consorcio de Aguas Bilbao Bizkaia, Bilbao Biskaia Ur Partzuergoa v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/26. Award (Dec. 8, 2016).
84. Wena Hotels Ltd. v. Arab Republic of Egypt, ICSID Case No. ARB/98/4. Award (Dec. 8, 2000).
五、條約/協定
1. Argentina - BLEU (Belgium - Luxembourg Economic Union) BIT (1990)new window
2. Argentina - France BIT (1991)
3. Argentina - Germany BIT (1991)
4. Argentina - Italy BIT (1990)
5. Argentina - Japan BIT (2018)
6. Argentina - Qatar BIT (2016)
7. Argentina - Spain BIT (1991)
8. Argentina - United Kingdom BIT (1990)
9. Argentina - United States of America BIT (1991)
10. Armenia - Japan BIT (2018)
11. Australia - Hong Kong, China SAR BIT (1993)
12. Austria - Ukraine BIT (1996)
13. Bangladesh - Italy BIT (1990)
14. Benin - Canada BIT (2013)
15. BLEU (Belgium - Luxembourg Economic Union) - Burundi BIT (1989)
16. Bolivia, Plurinational State of - Netherlands BIT (1992)
17. Canada - Ecuador BIT (1996)
18. Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)
19. Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA)
20. Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States (ICSID Convention)
21. Cyprus - Hungary BIT (1989)
22. Czech Republic - Israel BIT (1997)
23. Czech Republic - Netherlands BIT (1975)
24. Czech Republic - United States BIT (1991)
25. Denmark - Egypt BIT (1999)
26. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC - CENTRAL AMERICA - UNITED STATES FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (Dominican Republic - Central America FTA, CAFTA - DR) (2004)
27. Ecuador - United States of America BIT (1993)
28. European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
29. Egypt - United States of America BIT (1986)
30. Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) (1994)
31. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
32. Germany - Ghana BIT (1995)
33. Germany - Zimbabwe BIT (1995)
34. Greece - Romania BIT (1997)
35. Germany - Ukraine BIT (1993)
36. ICSID ADDITIONAL FACILITY RULES (2006)
37. Israel - Uzbekistan BIT (1994)
38. Italy - Morocco BIT (1990)
39. Italy - Romania BIT (1990)
40. Lao People's Democratic Republic - Netherlands BIT (2003)
41. Malaysia - United Kingdom BIT (1981)
42. Mexico - Spain BIT (1995)
43. Morocco - Nigeria BIT (2016)
44. Netherlands-Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of BIT (1991)
45. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1992)
46. Norway - Latvia BIT (1992)
47. Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Investment Agreement (1981)
48. Switzerland - Uruguay BIT (1988)
49. Switzerland - Zimbabwe BIT (1996)
50. United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules
51. UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration
52. United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York Arbitration Convention) (1958)
53. United Republic of Tanzania - United Kingdom BIT (1994)
54. United States - Mexico - Canada Agreement (USMCA) (2020)
55. U.S. Model BIT (2012)
56. Venezuela, Republica Bolivariana de - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland BIT (1995)
57. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) (1969)
六、國際文件
1. Australia-Certain Measures Concerning Trademarks, and Other Plain Packaging Requirements Applicable to Tobacco Products and Packaging, WTO Doc. WT/DS434.new window
2. Australia-Certain Measures Concerning Trademarks, Geographical Indications and Other Plain Packaging Requirements Applicable to Tobacco Products and Packaging, WTO Doc. WT/DS435, WT/DS441, WT/DS458, WT/DS467.
3. ICSID CONVENTION, REGULATIONS AND RULES (ICSID/15 April 2006), Report of the Executive Directors on the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, Art.13, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, March 18, 1965.
4. UNCITRAL, Fifty-fourth Session (Vienna, 28 June–16 July 2021), Report of Working Group III (Investor-State Dispute Settlement Reform) on the Work of Its Thirty-Ninth Session (Vienna, 5–9 October 2020), United Nations General Assembly Document: A/CN.9/1044.
5. UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (United Nations documents A/40/17, annex I and A/61/17, annex I) (As adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law on 21 June 1985, and as amended by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law on 7 July 2006).
6. UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No.15: The Right to Water (Arts.11 and 12 of the Covenant), E/C.12/2002/11, January 20, 2003.
7. United Nations General Assembly, A/HRC/14/27, Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie, Business and Human Rights: Further Steps toward the Operationalization of the “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework (Apr. 9, 2010).
七、網站資料
1. Berge, Tarald Laudal & Berger, Axel, Does investor-state dispute settlement lead to regulatory chill? Global evidence from environmental regulation, available at https://www.peio.me/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/PEIO12_Paper_78.pdf (last visited May 20, 2022).new window
2. Crawford, J. R., Treaty and Contract in Investment Arbitration, available at https://is.muni.cz/el/1422/podzim2010/MVV61K/um/20201574/Crawford-Treaty_and_Contract-2.pdf (last visited May 20, 2022).
3. Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, Illuminating the Top Trends: International Arbitration in 2022, available at https://www.freshfields.com/490835/globalassets/
our-thinking/campaigns/arbitration-top-trends-2022/international_arbitration_top_
trends_2022.pdf (last visited Jun. 26, 2022).
4. Frowein, Jochen Abr., Collective Enforcement of International Obligations, available at https://www.zaoerv.de/47_1987/47_1987_1_a_67_79.pdf (last visited May 20, 2022).
5. Gordon, K., J. Pohl and M. Bouchard, Investment Treaty Law, Sustainable Development and Responsible Business Conduct: A Fact Finding Survey, available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jz0xvgx1zlt-en (last visited May 20, 2022).
6. ICSID, Cases Database, available at https://icsid.worldbank.org/en/Pages/cases/searchcases.aspx# (last visited May 20, 2022).
7. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), International Investment Agreements, Business and Human Rights: Key Issues and Opportunities, available at https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/iia_business_human_rights.pdf (last visited May 20, 2022).
8. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework, available at https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/guidingprinciplesbusinesshr_en.pdf (last visited May 20, 2022).
9. Paddeu, F. & Parlett, K., COVID-19 and Investment Treaty Claims, available at http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2020/03/30/covid-19-and-investment-treaty-claims/ (last visited May 20, 2022).
10. Schadendorf, Sarah, Human Rights Arguments in Amicus Curiae Submissions: Analysis of ICSID and NAFTA Investor-State Arbitrations, available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2206812 (last visited May 20, 2022).
11. UNCTAD, IIA Issues Note, Reforming Investment Dispute Settlement: A Stocktaking, available at
https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/diaepcbinf2019d3_en.pdf (last visited May 20, 2022).
12. UNCTAD, IIA Issues Note, Special Update on Investor-State Dispute Settlement: Facts and Figures, available at https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/diaepcb2017d7_en.pdf (last visited May 20, 2022).
13. UNCTAD, International Investment Agreements Navigator, available at
https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements (last visited May 20, 2022).
14. UNCTAD, Investment Dispute Settlement Navigator, available at
https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-dispute-settlement (last visited May 20, 2022).
15. UNCTAD, Expropriation, UNCTAD Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements II (2012), available at
http://unctad.org/en/Docs/unctaddiaeia2011d7_en.pdf (last visited May 20, 2022).
16. UNCTAD, INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT: A SEQUEL, UNCTAD Series on Issues in International Investment Agreements II (2014), available at https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/diaeia2013d2_en.pdf (last visited May 20, 2022).
17. UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2012: TOWARDS a NEW GENERATION of INVESTMENT POLICIES, available at https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2012_embargoed_en.pdf (last visited May 20, 2022).
18. UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2021: Investing in Sustainable Recovery, available at
https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2021_overview_en.pdf (last visited May 20, 2022).
19. UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2022: International Tax Reforms and Sustainable Investment, available at https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2022_en.pdf (last visited May 20, 2022).
20. United Nations, Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with commentaries 2001, available at
https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_6_2001.pdf (last visited May 20, 2022).

 
 
 
 
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