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題名:WTO協定在歐洲聯盟之法律效力
書刊名:臺灣國際法季刊
作者:鄧衍森 引用關係
作者(外文):Teng, Yean Sen
出版日期:2004
卷期:1:3
頁次:頁9-30
主題關鍵詞:直接效力直接適用性歐洲共同體條約功能論國際法互惠合作協定對外權能分權原則分工原則防衛條款Direct effectDirect applicabilityEuropean community treatyFunctionalismReciprocityAssociation agreementExternal competencePrinciple of subsidiaritySafeguard clauses
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(1) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:1
  • 共同引用共同引用:6
  • 點閱點閱:18
國際條約在內國法上之效力,一直是國際法與國內法關係之重要議題。其重要性在於它涉及國際法權利義務關係主體之範圍,與國際法規範與國內法規範間之競合、排斥或是位階上的之關係。歐洲共同體與歐洲聯盟雖不是國際法上之國家,於其有權與其他國家或國際組織締結國際條約及協定,亦同樣生有此等國際條約及協定,亦同樣生有此等國際條約及協定在歐洲共同體與歐洲聯盟之效力問題。歐洲法院於一系列之判決中,發別一般國際條約及協定與WTO協定在歐洲共同體與歐洲聯盟之效力,雖然國際條約及協定與WTO協定對於歐洲共同體及會國具有拘束力,但是WTO協定卻因其性質與目的異於一般國際條約,歐洲法院一再於判決定中明白宣示,此等協定於歐洲共同體不具有直接效力。仔細研究法院判決中之理由與方法論,才發現法院對於國際條約及協定歐洲共同體法上,區別直接適用與直接效力之概念。前者是後者之前提條件,能視為共同體法之構成部分者,才能產生直接適用效力。法院否認WTO協定是共同體法之構成部分,結果,WTO協定在共同體法上不但不具有直接適用效力,當然亦無法創設共同體人民權利而發生直接效力。方法上,歐洲法院對於WTO協定效力之解釋,採取類似英國法院適用國際條約時的轉換理論。
The legal effects of international treaty in domestic law have been controversial. The issue concerns, first of all, the subjects of the legal relations in terms of international law, secondly, the relationships between international law and national law especially on the question of validity and hierarchy of legal norms. European Community or Union is not a State in international law, however it is competent to enter in relations with other states and international organizations. Consequently, the same issue is present in the Community. The European court of Justice has repeatedly declared that the WTO agreements have no direct effect and are not capable of conferring legal rights on individuals so as to challenge the legality of the Community measures. However, association agreements concluded between Community and non-Member States are treated as constituting an integral part of Community law, they are directly applicable before national courts and may confer a legal right upon individuals. The reasons of the Court in distinguishing the WTO agreements from other international agreements are based on the purpose and structure of the agreements concerned. The study of the case law of the court in the paper leads to a conclusion that the Court makes a distinction between the concept of direct application and that of direct effect in relation to international agreements. Methodologically, the Court is relying on the theory of transformation similar to the practices of Common Law courts of England when they are dealing with treaty.
期刊論文
1.鄧衍森(19970500)。歐洲共同體對外權能。貿易調查專刊,2,45-61。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.Fitzmaurice(195911)。The General Principles of International Law Considered from the Standpoint of the Rule of Law。Hague Recueil,92,70-80。  new window
3.Griller, Stefan(2000)。Judicial Enforceability of WTO Law in the European Union: Annotation to Case C-149/96, Portugal v. Council。Journal of international economic law,3(3),441-472。  new window
圖書
1.Bontinck, Gaelle(2001)。The TRIPs Agreement and the ECJ: A New Dawn? Some Comments about Joined Cases C-300/98 and C-392/98。  new window
2.Berkey, Judson Osterhoudt(1998)。The European Court of Justice and Direct Effect for The GATT: A Question Worth Revisiting。  new window
3.Harris, D. J.(1998)。Cases and Materials on International Law。London:Sweet & Maxwell。  new window
4.Craig, Paul、De Búrca, Gráinne(2003)。EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials。Oxford University Press。  new window
圖書論文
1.Fitzmaurice(1998)。The General Principles of International Law Considered from the Standpoint of the Rule of Law。Cases and Materials on International Law。London:Sweet and Maxwell。  new window
2.Zonnekeyn, Geert A.(2001)。EC Liability for Non-Implementation of Adopted WTO Panel and Appellate Body Reports: The Example of the innocent exported in the banana case。The European Union and the International Legal Order: Discord or Harmony?。The Hague:T. M. C. Asser Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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