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題名:試探國家公園觀念本身的矛盾性及爭議性:國家公園觀念在美國文化史中之發展
書刊名:中外文學
作者:盧莉茹 引用關係
作者(外文):Lu, Li-ru
出版日期:2005
卷期:34:3=399
頁次:頁147-166
主題關鍵詞:國家公園荒野環境國家公園觀念之爭議性與矛盾性National parkWild environmentThe contradictory and controversial qualities of the idea of national park
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  • 點閱點閱:33
美國在十九世紀完成西進運動( the Westward Movement)的帝國大業前後,原始荒野的經濟、文化、娛樂與美學價值漸受重視。少數作家,包括卡特林(George Catlin)、歐爾恩斯代德(Frederick Law Olmsted)、品夏特(Gifford Pinchot)、以及謬爾(John Muir)等人,開始意識到荒野保存之必要性,於是積極為正迅速消失的美國荒野請命。為了保護自然生態環境,美國於一八七二年正式設置了全世界的第一座國家公園──黃石國家公園(Yellowstone National Park)。此後,世界各國紛紛起而效尤,設立國家公園遂成為一種全球化之趨勢。此文擬聚焦於美國的國家公園文化。在美國國家公園文化發展之框架中,本文將試圖探討國家公園觀念(the idea of national park)本身之矛盾性與爭議性。本文分為三部份:第一部份為導論,在第二部份中,此文擬由國家公園的字源及字義之角度切入,分析國家公園觀念之本質,在第三部份中,本文將一方面探討國家公園之「用途」,一方面則透過多種不同生態論述觀點之辯論,對國家公園議題做批判與分析。
期刊論文
1.Nash, Roderick(1970)。The American Invention of National Parks。American Quarterly,22,726-735。  new window
圖書
1.Thoreau, Henry David(1950)。Walking。Walden and Other Writings。New York。  new window
2.Merchant, Carolyn(1994)。Key Concepts in Critical Theory: Ecology。Atlantic Highlands, N.J.:Humanities Press。  new window
3.Thoreau, H. D.、Atkinson, Brooks(1950)。Walden and other Writings。New York:The Modern Library。  new window
4.Muir, John(1988)。The Yosemite。San Francisco:Sierra Club。  new window
5.Merchant, Carolyn(1993)。Major Problems in American Environmental History。Lexington, MA。  new window
6.Matthiessen, Peter(1989)。Introduction。New York。  new window
7.Oelschlaeger, Max(1991)。The Idea of Wilderness: From Prehistory to the Age of Ecology。Yale University Press。  new window
8.Glotfelty, Cheryll、Fromm, Harold(1996)。The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology。The University of Georgia Press。  new window
9.Muir, John(1901)。Our National Parks。Boston:New York:Houghton Mifflin Company。  new window
10.Cronon, William(1996)。Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature。Norton。  new window
11.Runte, Alfred(1997)。National Parks: The American Experience。Lincoln。  new window
12.Nash, Roderick(1982)。Wilderness and the American Mind。Yale UP。  new window
13.Sessions, G.(1995)。Deep Ecology for the Twenty-First Century。Boston。  new window
14.Turner, Jack(1995)。In Wildness is the Preservation of the World。Deep Ecology for the Twenty-First Century。Boston/London。  new window
15.Birch, Thomas(1995)。The Incarceration of Wildness: Wilderness Areas as Prisons。Deep Ecology for the Twenty-First Century。Boston/London。  new window
16.Bookchin, Murray(1994)。The Concept of Social Ecology。Key Concepts in Critical Theory/Ecology。New Jersey。  new window
17.Branch, Michael P.(1998)。Reading the Earth: New Directions in the Study of Literature and Environment。Reading the Earth: New Directions in the Study of Literature and Environment。Moscow。  new window
18.Brockman, C. Frank、Merriam, L. C.(1979)。Recreational Use of Wild Lands。New York:McGrew Hill。  new window
19.Byerly, Alison(1996)。The Uses of Landscape: The Picturesque Aesthetic and the National Park System。The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology。Athens。  new window
20.Catlin, George E. G.(1989)。North American Indians。North American Indians。New York。  new window
21.Drengson, Alan、Inoue, Yuichi(1995)。The Deep Ecology Movement: An Introductory Anthology。The Deep Ecology Movement: An Introductory Anthology。Berkeley, California。  new window
22.Goldfarb, Theodore D.(2001)。Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in Gender Studies。Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in Gender Studies。Guilford, Conn.。  new window
23.Mazel, David(1998)。‘A Beautiful and Thrilling Specimen’: George Catlin, the Death of Wilderness, and the Birth of the National Subject。Reading the Earth: New Directions in the Study of Literature and Environment。Moscow。  new window
24.Mazel, David(1996)。American Literary Environmentalism as Domestic Orientalism。The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology。Athens。  new window
25.Naess, Arne、Sessions, George(1995)。Platform Principles of the Deep Ecology Movement。The Deep Ecology Movement: An Introductory Anthology。Berkeley, California。  new window
26.Olmsted, Frederick Law(1990)。The Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Big Trees。American Environmentalism: Readings in Conservation History。New York。  new window
27.Pinchot, Gifford(1998)。Breaking New Ground。Covelo:Island。  new window
圖書論文
1.Nash, Roderick(1990)。American Environmentalism: Readings in Conservation History。American Environmentalism: Readings in Conservation History。New York。  new window
2.Spirn, Anne Whiston(1996)。Constructing Nature: The Legacy of Frederick Law Olmsted。Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature。New York:Norton。  new window
 
 
 
 
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