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題名:國際法上車臣獨立運動之不承認實踐
書刊名:東吳法律學報
作者:張孫福
作者(外文):Chang, Jack S. F.
出版日期:2005
卷期:17:1
頁次:頁219-290
主題關鍵詞:車臣俄羅斯自決權獨立脫離武力使用領土取得不承認ChechnyaRussiaRight of self-determinationIndependenceSeparationUse of forceAcquisition of territoryNon-recognition
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車臣屬於一個位於高加索山東南邊北坡的小國。高加索山是一座位於黑海與裡海之間、由西北走向東南的崎嶇山脈。在一九九五年車臣首都格洛茲尼再度陷入險惡環境。格洛茲尼已成為戰爭的犧牲品,並且屍體佈滿街道。自一七八三年俄羅斯人首次入侵高加索山地區以來,車臣人與俄羅斯人之間已進行無數次的戰役。儘管經過二百二十多年,相同的爭端仍然驅動著目前的衝突,即車臣人民反抗俄羅斯的統治。很遺憾,每一次衝突的爆發都會造成大量的人類苦痛,當然最近的戰鬥也不例外。自一九九四年戰事開始,數萬無辜人民死亡,以及更多的人逃離家園與飢寒受凍。世界各國與國際組織從車俄衝突開始都普遍主張車臣獨立問題屬於俄羅斯之國內事務,以及俄羅斯有權捍衛其領土完整。聯合國也採取相同立場,如聯合國前秘書長加利公開表示,車臣屬於單純的國內事務,因此聯合國不會介入,甚至連人權組織也認為車臣是俄羅斯領土的一部分。另外依照領土取得的規則與先例,俄羅斯在法律上已取得車臣領土的所有權,並且根據主要國際行為人的觀點,如英、美、法、中及車臣鄰近國喬治亞,以及聯合國、OSCE與人權組織等國際及區域組織,俄羅斯的領土完整應無法容忍車臣的片面脫離行為,並且車臣衝突僅屬於俄國的國內管轄事務,而非國際管轄事務。各國與國際組織必須遵守禁止干預他國內政的義務與尊重他國領土完整的權利。故車臣獨立運動事件提供我們一個國際實踐上的國家不承認實例。
Chechnya is a small country on the northern slope of the southeastern part of the Caucasus Mountain. The Caucasus is a rugged mountain range running northwest to southeast between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. Grozny, the capital city of Chechnya, in 1995 once again 1ivedup to its name, the content of “Menacing.” This city had become a victim of war, and dead bodies littered its streets everywhere. The Russians first invaded the Caucasus since 1783, and from then on Chechens and Russians have engaged in warfare; and even if the time-passing of over 220 years, the same issue still drives the current conflict of Chechen people's resistance to Russian domination. Regrettably, however, each outbreak of violent fighting has resulted in a great deal of human suffering, and the recent fighting is without exception. From the beginning of fighting in 1994, ten Thousands of innocent people have died and many more people have been displaced from their home and suffered the hungriness and cold. In the case of Chechnya, from the outbreak of the conflict, the major States and international organizations in the international community have maintained that Chechnya is an internal affair of Russia, and that Russia has the right to defend its territorial integrity. The U.N. has also adopted the same viewpoint. Then-U.N. Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali stated, Chechnya is a purely internal affair, in which the U.N. can not get involved. The human rights organization considers Chechnya part of Russian territory. Additionally, according to the rules and precedents of the acquisition of territory, Russia has acquired the title of Chechen territory in the law, and in light of the viewpoints of main international actors, for instance Great Britain, United States, France, China, and the contiguous state beside Chechnya, George, as well as the international and regional organizations, especially United Nations, OSCE, and Human Rights organizations, the territorial integrity of Russia should not tol erate the unilaterally seceding act of Chechnya, and the Chechen conf1ict is just an internal affair, but is not an international affair. The other states and international organizations must abide by the obligation not to intervene in internal affairs and respect the right of territorial integrity. Therefore, the case of Chechen independent movement provided a vivid precedent on the non-recognition of state in the international law.
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