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題名:塞種源流及李唐氏族問題與老子之瓜葛--漢文佛教文獻所見中、北亞胡族族姓疑案
書刊名:中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊
作者:卓鴻澤
作者(外文):Toh, Hoong Teik
出版日期:2007
卷期:78:1
頁次:頁183-224
主題關鍵詞:塞種鮮卑拓跋老子薩滿SakaQiangTibeticTabγačLaoziShamanism
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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漢文佛教文獻有關於中亞與北亞種族源流之異說兩種,以中古時期老子化胡與排佛之論爭為其背景,其一為塞種本允姓之戎,其二為李唐系出拓跋,皆他處所未見,甚為突兀、奇特。晚近頗有學者依據第一說而就上古中亞民族史多立新義,固為可喜,顧學者於道宣引文容有誤解乃至發揮太過之處,對產生此說之排佛背景復置之不論,欲據以推翻舊史(《左傳》、《後漢書》)所示允姓或屬於羌系民族之事實,而代之以允姓為伊朗人種之新說,似有未可。其第二說之關鍵,端在法琳「拓拔達闍,唐言李氏」一語,論李唐氏族之文雖夥,而此語自來未有索解之人。竊以為「李氏」應是「李虎」,以避唐諱,故作「李氏」。佛門文獻保留鮮卑語虎為「達闍」之珍貴資料,使吾人得以從阿爾泰語系民族命名學與薩滿習俗之角度,探討唐家天子尊崇老子背後可能存在的北亞文化因素。
Following an influx of foreign cultures as well as new interactions among various ethnic groups, Daoist-Buddhist debates in Mediaeval China also came to involve issues of ethnic origins. Two intriguing ethnic theories that emerged in the debates as quoted in Chinese Buddhist sources are: (1) The Yun tribe (允姓) that once lived in Dunhuang were Sakas; (2) The Li clan (李氏) that ruled the Tang Dynasty was of Tabγač origin. While historians generally remain skeptical of theory (2), theory (1) has recently gained much favor among Chinese writers of the ancient history of Central Asia. This paper calls attention to the fact that scholars who support theory (1) have based their arguments on what is very likely to be a misreading of the text in question. For this reason, the hypothesis that the Yun tribe is of Tibetic (rather than Iranic) origin as suggested by earlier historical records such as the Zuozhuan 左傳 and Houhan shu 後漢書 should not be rashly discarded. On the other hand, this paper encourages further investigation and reflection on theory (2) by showing that it may very well contain a kernel of truth. Beginning with a thorough clarification of the hitherto uninterpreted quote 拓拔達闍唐言李氏 (“Taba Dazhe = Ch. Lishi”), this paper suggests that “Lishi” in the quote was intended to represent Li Hu 李虎 and that Dazhe (*Ta[r]ja) was the very Xianbei word for “tiger” in the Chinese transcription. This anthroponym was an instance of the onomastic practice that was hardly separable from the shamanic cult of the tiger among the Tungusic people. It is therefore not too surprising that the Li clan had chosen to worship Laozi instead of Buddhism, since Laozi’s alleged name Li Er 李耳 had long been connected with the tiger.
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93.姚範。援鶉堂筆記。廣文書局。  延伸查詢new window
94.Namdak, Tenzin(1972)。Sources for a History of Bon: a Collection of Rare Manuscripts from Bsam-gling Monastery in Dolpo。Sources for a History of Bon: a Collection of Rare Manuscripts from Bsam-gling Monastery in Dolpo。Dolanji。  new window
95.Čenggeltei(1997)。關於契丹語中地支〈屬相〉的讀音。語言文字論集:1946-1996。特和浩特。  延伸查詢new window
96.(1990)。Bka' gyur sde dge par ma。Bka' gyur sde dge par ma。Khring tu'u。  new window
97.卓鴻澤(2005)。Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: with Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics。Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: with Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics。Wiesbaden。  new window
98.Szemerényi, Oswald(1980)。Four Old Iranian Ethnic Names: Scythian-Skkudra-Sogdian-Saka。Four Old Iranian Ethnic Names: Scythian-Skkudra-Sogdian-Saka。Wien。  new window
99.Ramstedt, Gustav John(1980)。Une mention du manichéisme dans le choix du bouddhisme comme religion d'état par le roi tibétain Khri-sro.n lde-bcan。Indianisme et bouddhisme: mélanges offerts à Mgr. Étienne Lamotte。Louvain-la-Neuve。  new window
100.Ramstedt, Gustav John(1935)。Kalmückisches Wörterbuch。Kalmückisches Wörterbuch。Helsinki。  new window
101.Németh, J.(1942)。Probleme der türkischen Urzeit。Analecta Orientalia memoriae Alexandri Csoma de Kőrös dicata。Budapest。  new window
102.Miller, Vsevolod F.(1903)。Grundriss der iranischen Philologie (1) die Sprache der Osseten。Grundriss der iranischen Philologie (1) die Sprache der Osseten。Strassburg。  new window
103.Mazah‘eri, Aly(1983)。La Route de la Soie。La Route de la Soie。Paris。  new window
104.Lévi, Sylvain(1937)。Le bouddhisme et les grecs。M%morial Sylvain Lévi。Paris。  new window
105.Laufer, Berthold(1967)。Sino-Iranica。Sino-Iranica。New York。  new window
106.Konow, Sten(1925)。Kharosh.thī inscriptions: with the exception of those of Aśoka。Kharosh.thī inscriptions: with the exception of those of Aśoka。Calcutta。  new window
107.Ivanovskij, A. O.(1982)。Mandjurica 1: Specimens of the Solon and Dagur Languages。Mandjurica 1: Specimens of the Solon and Dagur Languages。Budapest。  new window
108.Hamid, Abdul(1998)。Ladakhi-English-Urdu Dictionary [La dwags in ji ur rdu gsum gyi tshig mdzod/Ladakhī engrīzī engrīzī urdu-i lughāt]。Ladakhi-English-Urdu Dictionary [La dwags in ji ur rdu gsum gyi tshig mdzod/Ladakhī engrīzī engrīzī urdu-i lughāt]。Leh。  new window
109.Güzel, Hasan Celâl(2002)。The Turks。The Turks。Ankara。  new window
110.Eimer, Helmut、Tsering, Pema(1973)。T'eu ra.n mdos ma。Serta Tibeto-Mongolica: Festschrift für Walther Heissig zum 60. Geburtstag am 5.12.1973。Wiesbaden。  new window
111.Denwood, P. T.(1990)。Tibetan Pho-brang in the Early Period。Indo-Tibetan Studies: Papers in honour and appreciation of Professor David L Snellgrove's contribution to Indo-Tibetan Studies。Tring。  new window
112.Debaine-Francfort, C.(1990)。Les Saka du Xinjiang avant les Han (266 av.-220 ap. J.-C.): critères d'identification。Nomades et sédentaires en Asie centrale. Apports de l'archéologie et de l'ethnologie, Actes du colloque franco-soviétique d'Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan), 17-26 octobre 1987。Paris。  new window
113.Curtis, John(1990)。Ancient Persia。Ancient Persia。Cambridge。  new window
114.Brown, W. Norman(1933)。The Story of Kālaka: Texts, History, Legends, and Miniature Paintings of the Śvetāmbara Jain Hagiographical Work the Kālakācāryakathā。The Story of Kālaka: Texts, History, Legends, and Miniature Paintings of the Śvetāmbara Jain Hagiographical Work the Kālakācāryakathā。Washington。  new window
115.Bailey, Harold W.(1954)。Hārahūa.na。Asiatica, Festschrift Friedrich Weller zum 65. Geburtstag。Leipzig。  new window
116.Mkhas pa Lde'u(1987)。Rgya bod kyi chos 'byung rgyas pa. Bod rang skyong ljongs spyi tshogs tshan rig khang bod yig dpe rnying dpe skrun khang (gra sgrig) nas bsgrigs。Rgya bod kyi chos 'byung rgyas pa. Bod rang skyong ljongs spyi tshogs tshan rig khang bod yig dpe rnying dpe skrun khang (gra sgrig) nas bsgrigs。Lha sa=拉薩。  new window
117.Lde'u Jo sras(1987)。Chos 'byung chen mo bstan pa'i rgyal mtshan lde'u jo sras kyis mdzad pa。Chos 'byung chen mo bstan pa'i rgyal mtshan lde'u jo sras kyis mdzad pa。Lha sa。  new window
118.Dpal 'byor bzang po(1985)。Rgya bod kyi yig tshang mkhas pa dga'byed chen mo'dzam gling gsal ba'i me long。Rgya bod kyi yig tshang mkhas pa dga'byed chen mo'dzam gling gsal ba'i me long。成都。  new window
119.Gu ru U Rgyan gling pas Yar klungs Shel gyi brag phug nas bton pa(1997)。Bka% thang sde lnga。Bka% thang sde lnga。北京。  new window
120.Don dam smra ba'i seng ge(1969)。Bshad mdzod yid bzhin nor bu。Bshad mdzod yid bzhin nor bu。New Delhi。  new window
121.Pliny(1967)。Natural History。Natural History。Cambridge, Mass.; London。  new window
122.Jeo, Hûng、Ortai, Necin。Jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala uheri ejehe bithe。Jakūn gūsai manjusai mukūn hala uheri ejehe bithe。  new window
123.胡增益(1986)。鄂倫春語簡志。鄂倫春語簡志。北京。  延伸查詢new window
124.(清)張澍(1985)。續敦煌實錄。續敦煌實錄。蘭州。  延伸查詢new window
125.(西漢)揚雄(1985)。輶軒使者絕代語別國方言。輶軒使者絕代語別國方言。北京。  延伸查詢new window
126.國史編纂委員會(1958)。朝鮮王朝實錄。朝鮮王朝實錄。漢城。  延伸查詢new window
127.余太山(2000)。古族新考。古族新考。北京。  延伸查詢new window
128.貟安志(1993)。中國北周珍貴文物。中國北周珍貴文物。西安。  延伸查詢new window
129.開英(1984)。達斡爾、哈薩克、漢語對照詞典。達斡爾、哈薩克、漢語對照詞典。烏魯木齊。  延伸查詢new window
130.(1995)。大藏方等部之西域佛教史料。西域南海史地考證譯叢(2)。北京。  延伸查詢new window
131.羅福成(1974)。女真譯語。女真譯語。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
132.饒宗頤(2003)。饒宗頤二十世紀學術文集。饒宗頤二十世紀學術文集。臺北。  延伸查詢new window
其他
1.(漢)董仲舒。春秋繁露,0。  延伸查詢new window
2.(清)清高宗(1989)。八旗滿洲氏族通譜,瀋陽。  延伸查詢new window
3.阿毘達磨俱舍釋論。  延伸查詢new window
4.(1989)。淮南子,上海。  延伸查詢new window
5.(唐)釋道宣(1924)。續高僧傳,東京。  延伸查詢new window
6.(東漢)班固(1960)。漢書,北京。  延伸查詢new window
7.(南朝宋)范曄。後漢書,0。  延伸查詢new window
8.(北凉)闞駰。十三州志,0。  延伸查詢new window
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10.贊寧。大宋僧史略(大.2126),0。  延伸查詢new window
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13.方廣大莊嚴經(大.187),0。  延伸查詢new window
14.僧叡。出三藏記集(大.2145),0。  延伸查詢new window
15.李百藥。北齊書,0。  延伸查詢new window
16.蒙文通。古族甄微,0。  延伸查詢new window
17.(1989)。八期滿洲氏族通譜,瀋陽。  延伸查詢new window
18.楊賓(1997)。柳邊紀略,0。  延伸查詢new window
19.列子,0。  延伸查詢new window
20.吳萊。吳淵穎集,0。  延伸查詢new window
21.妙法蓮華經(大.262),0。  延伸查詢new window
22.沈約。宋書,0。  延伸查詢new window
23.錢謙益。牧齋有學集,0。  延伸查詢new window
24.阿毘達磨俱舍論(大.1558),0。  延伸查詢new window
25.阿毘達磨俱舍論(大.1559),0。  延伸查詢new window
26.蕭子顯。南齊書,0。  延伸查詢new window
27.楊衔之。洛陽伽藍記,0。  延伸查詢new window
28.彥悰。唐護法妙門法琳別傳(大.2051),0。  延伸查詢new window
29.慧皎。高僧傳(大.2059),0。  延伸查詢new window
30.姚瑩。康輏紀行.東槎紀略,0。  延伸查詢new window
31.普曜經(大.186),0。  延伸查詢new window
32.黃叔琳。硯北雜錄,0。  延伸查詢new window
33.黃叔琳。硯北雜錄,0。  延伸查詢new window
34.魏徵。隋書,0。  延伸查詢new window
35.歐陽修,宋祈。新唐書,0。  延伸查詢new window
36.道化四夷品,0。  延伸查詢new window
37.班固。漢書,0。  延伸查詢new window
38.管子,0。  延伸查詢new window
39.道宣。廣弘明集(大.2103),0。  延伸查詢new window
40.遼史,0。  延伸查詢new window
41.揚雄。輶軒使者絕代語釋別國方言,0。  延伸查詢new window
42.戴德大載禮記,0。  延伸查詢new window
43.劉昫。舊唐書,0。  延伸查詢new window
44.魏收。魏書,0。  延伸查詢new window
45.道宣。釋迦方志(大.2088),0。  延伸查詢new window
46.道宣。續高僧傳(大.2060),0。  延伸查詢new window
47.續敦煌實錄,0。  延伸查詢new window
48.(1960)。二十四史,臺北。  延伸查詢new window
49.(1989)。大戴禮記,上海。  延伸查詢new window
50.(1990)。山海經,上海。  延伸查詢new window
51.(1999)。太上大道玉清經,北京。  延伸查詢new window
52.(1999)。太上洞神洞淵神咒治病口章,北京。  延伸查詢new window
53.(1996)。列子,北京。  延伸查詢new window
54.妙法蓮華經,東京。  延伸查詢new window
55.(1985)。春秋繁露,上海。  延伸查詢new window
56.(1987)。道藏,上海。  延伸查詢new window
57.(晉)郭璞,(宋)邢昺(2000)。爾雅注疏,北京。  延伸查詢new window
58.(1985)。管子,上海。  延伸查詢new window
59.(西漢)司馬遷(1960)。史記,北京。  延伸查詢new window
60.吳萊(1985)。吳淵穎集,上海。  延伸查詢new window
61.(唐)李百藥(1960)。北齊書,北京。  延伸查詢new window
62.(唐)李延壽(1960)。北史,北京。  延伸查詢new window
63.(梁)沈約(1960)。宋書,北京。  延伸查詢new window
64.(清)姚瑩(1990)。康輏紀行,合肥。  延伸查詢new window
65.(唐)彥悰(1924)。唐護法沙門法琳別傳,東京。  延伸查詢new window
66.(宋)洪皓(1993)。松漠紀聞,成都。  延伸查詢new window
67.(三國)范曄(1960)。後漢書,北京。  延伸查詢new window
68.(元)托克托。遼史,北京。  延伸查詢new window
69.(晉)陳壽(1960)。三國志,北京。  延伸查詢new window
70.(清)黃叔琳(1996)。硯北雜錄,臺南。  延伸查詢new window
71.(清)黃叔琳(1977)。硯北雜錄,臺北。  延伸查詢new window
72.(北魏)楊衒之(1989)。洛陽伽藍記,上海。  延伸查詢new window
73.(清)楊賓(1997)。柳邊紀略,上海。  延伸查詢new window
74.(唐)釋道宣(1924)。集古今佛道論衡,東京。  延伸查詢new window
75.(唐)釋道宣(1924)。釋迦方志,東京。  延伸查詢new window
76.釋僧叡(1924)。出三藏記集,日本。  延伸查詢new window
77.(五代後晉)劉昫(1960)。舊唐書,北京。  延伸查詢new window
78.(梁)釋慧皎(1924)。高僧傳,東京。  延伸查詢new window
79.(北宋)歐陽修,(宋)宋祁(1960)。新唐書,北京。  延伸查詢new window
80.(梁)蕭子顯(1960)。南齊書,北京。  延伸查詢new window
81.(北齊)魏收(1960)。魏書,北京。  延伸查詢new window
82.(唐)魏徵(1960)。隋書,北京。  延伸查詢new window
83.闞駰(1935)。十三州志,陝西。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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