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題名:慚愧祖師生卒年、名號與本籍考論
書刊名:逢甲人文社會學報
作者:張志相 引用關係
作者(外文):Chang, Chi-shiang
出版日期:2008
卷期:16
頁次:頁159-181
主題關鍵詞:慚愧祖師陰那山了拳靈光寺Master Can KuiYin Na ShanLiao ChuanLing Guang temple
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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慚愧祖師(僧了拳)信仰在台灣學術研究上,向是較少受到關注的地域性信仰。學界過去對其理解,僅限於光緒溫仲和《嘉應州志》或道光阮元《廣東通志》等少數廣東方志記載。但方志中對於了拳的記載彼此間卻不乏牴牾處。因此本文自了拳個人基礎史料出發,重新檢討其生卒年、名號與本籍三問題。以史學史料運用方式,比勘明清以來閩粵地區方志內關於了拳記載,以求取一合理說法。筆者發現乾隆朝後閩粵方志中對了拳的諸多記載,多源自明李二何《陰那山志》〈慚愧祖師傳〉。本文重新分析李氏之文,一方面自該文內部關係察考該文之撰寫與李氏個人情境間相互關係,另一方面自外部比勘該文與明代其他了拳相關之記載。透過〈慚愧祖師傳〉內外關係考察,筆者初步達成以下結論:一、陰那了拳唐憲宗元和十二年生;懿宗咸通六年圓寂;年四十九。就目前史料而言,李氏說法較可信。二、李氏以了拳本籍為延平沙縣人,此與福建方志所記不同。本文推證了拳本籍當為唐汀州上杭場。三、有關於了拳名號由來,李氏舊說以神異與自愧為詮釋特徵。筆者初步認為法名「了拳」與塔號「慚愧」,典出佛經。了拳一名用典取義當源出佛家「空拳」之教;慚愧則為佛典中「慚天愧人」之義,是亦佛經中七聖財之一。
The studies on local religions in academia have barely mentioned Master Can Kui (Monk Liao Chuan). The only record found was the “Jia Ying Zho Zhi” by Wen Zhong-her from the Guangsu period, or the “Guangtong Tong Zhi” by Ruan Yuan from the Daoguang period. However, contradictions were noted in the related local records. The aim of this study therefore was to review the life of Monk Liao Chuan and discuss his year of birth, posthumous title and birthplace etc. By examining the historical records and comparing the historical materials collected from south-east China, dating to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the researcher has sought a reasonable explanation for the discrepancy. Many records found were from the “Legend of Master Can Kui” in “Yin Na Shan Zhi” by Li Er-her, during the Ming Dynasty. The study reanalyzed the records of Li Er-her and interpreted the relationship between the texts and the author as well as compared the relationships among the texts and other related records described during the Ming Dynasty. The initial conclusions were (1) Monk Liao Chuan was born in Yuan Her 12, during the Sian Cong period, Tang Dynasty and passed away in Sian Tong 6, during the Yi Cong period at the age of 49. According to the historical materials, records made by Li Er-her were more correct; (2) Li Er-her believed that Monk Liao Chuan had been born in Sha County, Yianping, which differed from the records collected in Fujian Province. The study tried to prove that the birthplace of Monk Liao Chuan should be recognized as having occurred in Shang Hang Chang, Ding Cho, during the Tang Dynasty; (3) Li Er-her mentioned that the posthumous title of Monk Liao Chuan came from the mysterious legend and “blush”. The researcher believes that Liao Chuan and Can Kui were both derived from the sutra. Liao Chuan was the doctrine of Kong Chuan, and Can Kui was the meaning of “blush of heaven and mankind”, constituting one of the seven glorious doctrines.
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