探討嬰兒潮之退休概念與其變遷趨勢__臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫

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題名：	探討嬰兒潮之退休概念與其變遷趨勢
書刊名：	臺灣老人保健學刊
作者：	李宗派
作者(外文)：	Lee, Isaiah C.
出版日期：	2009
卷期：	5:2
頁次：	頁70-92
主題關鍵詞：	退休概念；嬰兒潮；工作退休平衡說；退休依賴比率；退休年金；Retirement；Baby-boomers；Retirement balance theory；Retirement pensions
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(7) 博士論文(1) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:7 共同引用:0 點閱:56

退休係指停止全時間之賺錢工作或指免於工作而領取老人退休金，自由自在地追求個人之志趣發展，其實不然，退休之概念極其複雜，學界對於退休之概念、定義、學說，各有主張，並沒有一個標準的答案。本文將探討目前最普遍之退休概念，第一部分將檢視退休之定義學說：如領取退休金說、法定年齡說、社會角色改變說、工作退休與休閒平衡說與創造新價值說。第二部分將分析退休概念之演革，就過去數十年來，由1960年代開始之社會觀念變遷，分析2比10之退休依賴比率到2006年代，美國之4比10之退休依賴比率。34歲或以下之較年輕工人參與勞動市場者已掉落到36%。如果勞動市場之參與比率一直下降，到了2050年，退休依賴比率將攀升到6比10。如果嬰兒湖之退休工人再加入勞動市場時，那麼到了2020年時，退休依賴比率可回升到2比10之譜。第三部分將檢視現代之退休事實，討論退休為生命之一個時期，退休概念如何改變，退休抉擇因人而異、退休後之適應如何、如何保持跟人接觸、自願退休與非自願退休之不同，與退休時，如何設定目標。第四部分將說明嬰兒潮之工作退休觀，分析四分之三的嬰兒潮工人拒絕傳統觀念之退休制度，為何退休後還要工作?僱主與被僱老工人缺乏連結，許多產業界之僱主尚未理解嬰兒潮世代對勞動市場與產業界之重大影響。第五部分將討論退休之發展趨勢；描述產業市場之技術短缺隱約出現，公私立退休基金到處短缺，生命餘年普遍延長，全世界之85歲以上之老人將在這一世紀增加250%之多。在最後之結論將對退休概念提出社會政策、社會立法、老年人力再造、退休年金、勞工政策與老人教育之建議，以供政府當局、產業界、工會社團與老人勞工朋友之退休改革參考。

以文找文

The retirement means that a person stops his/her full-time gainful employment and starts to receive retirement benefits or old-age pension. He/she may engage in various interesting and selected leisure activities freely. But the concept of retirement is much more complicated as the current trend of retirement concept is changing rapidly among the baby boomer generation. Therefore, this paper has tried to review the most prevalent concepts of retirement and its changing trends as well as its impact upon the labor market and industries. The first section will examine the various definitions and theories of retirement which include theory of receiving retirement pensions, legal-age theory, the change of social role theory, work and retirement balance theory, and creativity of new value theory. The second section will analyze the change of retirement concepts from the era of 1960's to the era of 2020's. There was a 2 to 10 retirement dependency ratio in the United States in 1960's and it became 4 to 10 RPR in 2006. The workforce of 34 years old and younger dropped to 36% in the labor-market. The third section will examine the retirement facts of modern days. The retirement is viewed as a stage of life, how the concept of retirement change depends upon the individual differences. How does social adaptation occur after retirement? What are the differences between voluntary and involuntary retirement? How do the retired people set their goals for retirement? The fourth section will discuss the concept of work-retirement and leisure balance proposed by the baby boomer generation. The reasons for their continuation of work after retirement is explained. Also, the importance of baby boomer generation's impact upon the labor-market will be discussed. The fifth section will discuss the new trends of retirement in terms of skill shortage looming, funding shortfall For retirement, and longer life expectation for baby boomer generation. The conclusion will emphasize that the government and industries as well as labor union should have the awareness, recognition, and understanding of the new concepts of work-retirement proposed by the baby boomer generation and jointly working toward the reform of retirement concepts and systems, changing the legally-defined retirement age for the blue-color and white color workers with flexibility, considering their health and interest for full-time or part-time work after retirement. Their economic security and income-security should be guaranteed. The health of elderly worker should be protected through the practice of compression of morbidity theory. The reduction of retirement person dependency ratio should be supported by all parties-public and private sectors.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Orloff, Ann Shola(1993)。Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship: the comparative analysis of gender relations and welfare states。American Sociological Review，58(3)，303-328。
2.	Esping-Andersen, G.(1994)。After the Golden Age。UN World Summit for Social Development occasional paper no. 7。
3.	Pierson, Paul(1996)。The new politics of the welfare state。World Politics，48(2)，143-179。
4.	Baker, M.、Dwayne, B.(1999)。Early retirement provisions and the labor force behavior of older men: Evidence from Canada。Journal of Labor Economics，17，724-756。
5.	Castles, F.、Mitchell, D.(1990)。Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism or Four。Public Policy Programme Discussion Paper no 21。
6.	Liu, L.(2000)。Public pension reform in Japan。Social Security Bullelin，63，99-106。
7.	Bonoli, G.、Palier, B.(1996)。Reclaiming welfare: The politics of social protection reform in France。South European Polilics and Society，1，241-259。
8.	Courtney, C.、Jonathan, G.(2007)。Future social security entitlements and the retirement decision。The Review of Economics and Statistics，89，234-246。
9.	Cordes, T. L.(2005)。A conceptual approach to the work。leisure and retirement education of adults with an intellectual disability，1-6。
10.	DSS(1990)。Social Security Statistics。
11.	Kwon, H.(1997)。Beyond European welfare regimes: comparative perspectives on East Asian welfare systems。Journal of Social Policy，26，467-484。
12.	Lee, I. C.(2005)。Discussion on the international trends of retirement policy。Community Development Journal，112，168-178。
13.	Oxley, H.、Martin, J.(1991)。Controlling government spending and deficits。OECD Economic Sludies，17，145-189。
14.	OKA, S. E.(2004)。Pension Reform in France。The Japanese Journal of Social Security Policy 3，3，1-9。
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16.	Tanner, S.(1998)。The dynamics of male retirement behavior。Fiscal Studies，19，175 -196。
17.	Wiener, J. M.、Tilly, J.(2002)。Population ageing in the United States of America。Implications for public programmes，31，776-781。

研究報告
1.	Compton, J.(2001)。Determinants of Retirement: Does Money Really matter?。
2.	Shaver, S.(1992)。Body Right, Social Rights and Liberal Welfare State。University of New South Wales。
3.	Burchardt, T.(1997)。Boundaries Between Public and Private Welfare。London。
4.	Denton, E. T.、Spencer, B. G.(2008)。What is Retirement? A Review and Assessment of Alternative Concepts and Measures。
5.	Deutsches, B.(1995)。The finances of the statutory pension funds since the beginning of the 1990s'。
6.	Guillemard, A. M.(1993)。Older workers and the labour market。Brussels。

圖書
1.	Esping-Andersen, Gosta(1996)。Welfare States in Transition。London, UK：Sage。
2.	Esping-Andersen, Gøsta(1990)。The Three World of Welfare Capitalism。Oxford：Polity Press。
3.	Evans, Peter B.、Rueschemeyer, Dietrich、Skocpol, Theda(1985)。Bringing the State Back In。New York：Cambridge University Press。
4.	CEC, Commission of the European Community(1995)。Social Protection in Europe。Luxembourg。
5.	Skocpol, T.(1995)。Social Policy in the United States。
6.	Ferrera, M.(1993)。The Welfare-State in Italia。Bologna。
7.	Field, F.(1996)。How to Pay for the Future: Building a Stakeholder's Welfare State。London。
8.	Government Actuary(1990)。National Insurance Fund: Long-Term Financial Estimates。London。
9.	Leibfried, S.(1990)。The Classification of Welfare State Regimes in Europe。Social Policy Association Annual Conference。
10.	Lews, J.(1993)。Women and Social Policies in Europe。Aldershot。
11.	Myles, J.、Quadagno, J.(1996)。Recent trends in public pension reform: A comparative view. paper presented at the Conference on the reform of the Retirement Income system。Ontario。
12.	OECD(1994)。New Orientations for Social Policy。Paris。
13.	OECD(1995)。Economic Survey of France。Paris。
14.	Hantrais, L.(1996)。France: Squaring the welfare triang。European Welfare Policy。London。
15.	Commission of the CEC, European Community(1996)。Ageing and Pension Expenditure in the Western World。European Economy: Reports and Studies。Luxembourg。
16.	Room, G.(1994)。European Social Policy。Social Policy Review。
17.	Smith, S.、Banks, J.(2006)。Retirement in the UK。The Centre for Market and Public Organization。UK。

其他
1.	AARP Intemational(2007)。Proceedings-Pension Reforms Around the World。
2.	Heller, P.，Hemming, R.，Kalvert, P.(1986)。Ageing and Social Policy in the Major Industrial Countries. 1980-2025。
3.	John, D. C.(2005)。Public Pension Reform in the United Kingdom: Lessons for Americans。
4.	Amble, B.(2006)。Baby boomers look to a working retirement，http://www.management-issues.com。
5.	Borsch-Supan, A.(2006)。Reforming the German Public Pension System。
6.	Taylor-Gooby, P.(1998)。When is an Innovation?。
7.	The New York Times(2008)。France Seeks Pension Reform。
8.	The Guardian(2008)。Strikes Over Pension Reforms grip France-By Angelique Chrisafis in Paris-Workers march against raising of retirement age。
9.	Hanneman, LeRoy(2004)。The Term 'Zoomer'。
10.	Wikipedia, Pension(2008)。A Global Perspective on Aging and Pensions, Allianz Knowledge，http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension， 20080828。
11.	Carroll, J.(2004)。The End of Retirement。
12.	PathFinder Strategic Resollrces CC(2004)。The Future of Retirement?。

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