二十世紀二○至三○年代，伴隨著近代上海商品經濟的不斷發展，上海的牛乳及牛乳製品的消費體現出由奢侈品向大眾消費品轉變的趨勢。近代中國對衛生觀念的認知在牛乳及牛乳製品消費的過程中體現尤爲明顯，由最初的西式標準向機械化大生產轉變。政府、社會輿論、乳品業在這一過程中分別扮演著不同的角色。本文在回顧中國古代牛乳食用概況的基礎上，從二十世紀二○至三○年代牛乳及牛乳製品在近代上海的消費情況入手，探討牛乳消費與衛生觀念的互動及變化過程，從而揭示近代中國在構建現代衛生標準的同時，嘗試構建現代化國體的努力。

With the development of a commercial economy in Shanghai from the 1920s to the 1930s, imported goods such as milk and milk products in Shanghaichanged from being luxuries to items of public consumption. The modern hygienic concept involved in the consumption of milk and milk products led to a shift from the initial Western standard to commoditised large-scale production. Government, public opinion and the dairy industry played different roles in this process. After a historical retrospect on the history of milk in pre-modern China, this essay discusses the interaction between milk consumption and concepts of hygiene in modern Shanghai in the 1920s and 1930s. Next, it discusses the efforts in modern China to build upa modern state system during the process of developing modern standards of hygiene.