經濟、教育預算與政策：英國中等教育於「方案分析與檢討」(PAR)機制運作下的歷史演變(1970~1977)_

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題名：	經濟、教育預算與政策：英國中等教育於「方案分析與檢討」(PAR)機制運作下的歷史演變(1970~1977)
書刊名：	教育研究集刊
作者：	劉子菁
作者(外文)：	Liu, Sunniva Tzu-chin
出版日期：	2012
卷期：	58:4
頁次：	頁139-170
主題關鍵詞：	教育經費；中等教育；預算；財政部；方案分析與檢討；Education expenditure；Secondary education；Budget；The Treasury；Programme analysis and review
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(1) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:3 點閱:32

本研究探討英國保守黨政府於1970年起所引進的「方案分析與檢討」預算機制，促使中等教育改革與經濟發展進一步連結的歷史經驗。此機制觸及中等教育經費評估標準、教育目的，以及課程控制等改革面向，在英國經濟相對衰退，以及1970年代初期石油危機所帶來的財政壓力下，中央能力組透過此機制展開跨部門審核活動，進一步控制教育預算評估標準與改革方向。本研究採歷史研究取向，檢視「方案分析與檢討」機制內涵與運作過程，以解釋1970年代初期《1944年教育法》共識基礎所遭受的經濟衝擊，並探討中央能力組的預算策略及觀點如何催生工黨首相Callaghan於1976年所建立的新教育共識，繼而揭開1980年代Thatcher政府新右派教育改革路線的序幕。

以文找文

This paper examined budgetary strategy known as Programme Analysis and Review (PAR), which was implemented by the Conservative Government in Britain in 1970, and revealed the historical context between secondary-education reform and economic development. This budget system involved various assessment standards, educational objects, and curriculum regulations. It was implemented by the central government through interdepartmental evaluations, in order to control educational budget evaluation standards and future reforms. These measures took place during a time of British economic slowdown and the oil crisis of the early 1970s. This study adopted a historical approach to examine the mechanism and operation of the PAR system. In addition to explaining the economic obstacles encountered by the 1944 Education Act during the early 1970s, it also explored how the central government's budgetary policies and perspectives led to the new educational consensus established by Labour Prime Minister Callaghan's government in 1976. Finally, it shed light on the emergence of the educational reforms by Thatcher's New Right government in 1980s.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	伍振鷟(1968)。英國中等教育的新趨向--從機會均等原則論全民的中等教育。師大學報，13，211-240。延伸查詢
2.	Barker, A.、Wilson, G. K.(1997)。Whitehall's Disobedient Servants? Senior Officials' Potential Resistance to Ministers in British Government Departments。Journal of Political Science，27(2)，223-246。
3.	Batteson, C.(1997)。A Review of Politics of Education in the 'Moment of 1976'。British Journal of Education Studies，45(4)，373-377。
4.	Beer, S. H.(1955)。Treasury Control: The Coordination of Financial Polity in Great Britain。The American Political Science Review，49(1)，144-160。
5.	Chitty, C.(1998)。The 'Moment of 1976' Revisited。British Journal of Education Studies，46(3)，318-323。
6.	顏素霞(19960600)。英國教育財政制度之研究。屏東師院學報，9，121-147。延伸查詢
7.	Gray, A.、Jenkins, B.(1982)。Policy Analysis in British Central Government: The Experience of PAR。Public Administration，60(4)，429-450。
8.	Hickson, K.(2004)。The Postwar Consensus Revisited。The Political Quarterly，75(2)，142-154。
9.	Kogan, M.(1987)。The DES and Whitehall。Higher Education Quarterly，41(3)，236。
10.	Newton, C. C. S.(1984)。The Sterling Crisis of 1947 and the British Response to the Marshall Plan。The Economic History Review，37(3)，371-408。
11.	Pollitt, C.(1981)。The Political Administration of Economic Decline: British Central Government since the 1960s。Public Administration Review，41(5)，514-519。
12.	Booth, A.(1983)。The “Keynesian Revolution” in economic policy-making。Economic History Review，36(1)，103-123。
13.	Cowen, S.、McCulloch, G.、Woodin, T.(2011)。From horsa hut to ROSLA blocks: The school leaving age and the school building programme in England, 1943-1972。History of Education，41(3)，361-380。
14.	McCulloch, G.(1998)。Education and economic performance。History of Education，27(3)，203-205。
15.	Pemberton, H(2004)。Relative decline and British economic policy in the 1960s。The Historical Journal，47(4)，989-1013。
16.	Smith, G.(2000)。Research and inspection: HMI and OFSTED, 1981-1996--A commentary。Oxford Review of Education，26(3/4)，333-352。

會議論文
1.	李碧涵(2000)。市場、國家制度與安排：福利國家社會管制方式變遷。「全球化下的社會學想像：國家、經濟與社會」研討會，臺灣大學社會學學系與臺灣社會學社。臺北：臺灣大學。延伸查詢

圖書
1.	Department of Education and Science(1977)。Education in schools: A consultative document。London：HMSO。
2.	Aldcroft, D. H.(1992)。Education, Training and Economic Performance, 1944 to 1990。Manchester：Manchester University Press。
3.	Alford, B. W. E.(1988)。British Economic Performance, 1945-1975。London：Macmillan。
4.	Ball, S.、Seldon, A.(1996)。The Heath Government 1970-1974: A Reappraisal。London：Longman。
5.	Bridges, E.(1950)。Treasury Control: The Stamp Memorial Lecture delivered before the University of London on 21 November 1950。London：University of London。
6.	Brittan, S.(1964)。The Treasury under the Tories, 1951-1964。Harmondsworth：Penguin。
7.	Cairncross, A.(1995)。The British Economy since 1945: Economic Policy and Performance, 1945-1995。Cambridge, MA：Blackwell。
8.	Chapman, R. A.(1997)。The Treasury in Public Policy Making。London：Routledge。
9.	Department of Economic Affairs(1965)。The National Plan: Presented to Parliament by the First Secretary of State and Secretary of State for Economic Affairs by command of Her Majesty。London：HMSO。
10.	Parliament(1944)。The Education Act 1944。London：HMSO。
11.	Lowe, R.(1993)。The Welfare State in Britain since 1945。London：Macmillan。
12.	周愚文(2008)。英國教育史：近代篇（1780-1944）。台北：學富文化。延伸查詢
13.	Heclo, Huge、Wildavsky, Aaron B.(1974)。The Private Government of Public Money: Community and Policy inside British Politics。London：Macmillan。
14.	Ham, A.(1981)。Treasury rule: Recurrent themes in British economic policy。London：Quartet。
15.	Hennessy, P., Morrison, S., & Townsend, R.(1985)。Routine punctuated by orgies: The central policy review staff, 1970-83。Glasgow：University of Strathclyde。
16.	Holmes, M.(1982)。Political pressure and economic policy: British government 1970-1974。London：Butterworth Scientific。
17.	Organisation for Economic Co-operation、Development [OECD](1975)。Reviews of national policies for education: Educational development strategy in England and Wales。Paris：OECD。
18.	OECD(1992)。Decentralisation and education building management: The impact of recent reform。Paris：OECD。
19.	Sanderson, M.(1999)。Education and economic decline in Britain, 1870 to the 1990s。Cambridge, MA：Cambridge University Press。
20.	Tomlinson, J.(1985)。British macroeconomic policy since 1940。London：Croom Helm。

其他
1.	Cabinet(19721128)。Education: A Framework for Advance. [Memorandum by the Secretary of State for Education and Science].(CAB 129/166/8)。
2.	Byatt, I. C. R.(1973)。Output measurement and public service(T. 227/4221)。
3.	Cabinet(1970)。White Paper on the reorganisation of central government. [Note by Prime Minister](CAB. 129/153)。
4.	Cabinet(1972)。Conclusions of a meeting hold at 10 Downing Street(CAB. 128/50/55)。
5.	Cabinet(1973)。Public Expenditure White Paper 1973 [Memorandum by the Chancellor of Exchequer](CAB. 129/173/18)。
6.	Cabinet(1976)。Programme analysis and review and long-term public expenditure savings. [Memorandum by Central Policy Review Staff](CAB. 129/189/20)。
7.	Callaghan, J.(1976)。Towards a national debate，http://education.guardian.co.uk/thegreatdebate/story/0,9860,574645,00.html。
8.	Central Policy Review Staff [CPRS](1973)。Note for the record. Education: Responsiveness to social and economic change(T. 227/4221)。
9.	Department of Education and Science and Welsh Office(1972)。Review of higher education and schools expenditure. [Programme analysis and review 1972](T. 227/3660)。
10.	Department of Education and Science and Welsh Office(1972)。Review of higher education and schools expenditure. [Programme analysis and review 1972](ED. 212/134)。
11.	Department of Education and Science and Welsh Office(1972)。Programme analysis and review 1972. [Higher education and schools expenditure](T. 227/3661)。
12.	Department of Education and Science and Welsh Office(1972)。Capital investment in maintained schools: 1972/73-1981/82(T. 227/3660)。
13.	Department of Education and Science(1973)。Educational objectives and outputs(T. 227/3914)。
14.	East, R. J.，Fogg, A. H.，Meyjes, R. A.(1970)。Improved expenditure decisions by government(CAB. 164/602)。
15.	Forsyth, J. M.(1972)。1972 PAR: Higher education and school expenditure(T. 227/3662)。
16.	Forsyth, J. M.(1972)。Letter to M. Widdup. [PAR programme for education](T. 227/3913)。
17.	Forsyth, J. M.(1973)。Letter to M. Widdup. Unpublished Treasury papers(T. 227/3914)。
18.	Forsyth, J. M(1973)。Note for record. Education PARs: Home Secretary’s letter of 15 January to the Secretary of State for Education and Science(T. 227/3913)。
19.	Forsyth, J. M(1973)。Letter to M. Widdup. PAR programme 1973-75: Education(T. 227/3913)。
20.	Henley, D. O(1972)。Confidential letter to Treasury. [DES and PAR].(T. 227/3661)。
21.	House of Lord(1998)。Select committee on public service report，http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199798/ldselect/ldpubsrv/055/psrep07.htm#a28， 2012/07/05。
22.	Jameson, R(1973)。Report to treasury. Curriculum development for schools(T. 227/3914)。
23.	Jameson, R(1973)。Report to CPRS. [The school council](T. 227/4221)。
24.	Mountfield, P.(1973)。Letter to J. M. Forsyth(T. 227/3913)。
25.	Norton, W. J. E.(1973)。DES 1973 PAR: Higher education and school expenditure II(T. 227/3914)。
26.	Prime Minister’s Office(1970)。Note for the record. Education: Minute of Chequers meeting with Heath (& Joseph)(PREM 15/864)。
27.	Treasury(1971)。Draft. Cabinet selection of topics for programme analysis and review(T. 227/3454)。
28.	Treasury(1972)。Note of a meeting(T. 227/3660)。
29.	Treasury(1973)。Note of a meeting(T. 227/3914)。
30.	Treasury(1974)。Note of a meeting(T. 227/4221)。
31.	Treasury(1974)。Cabinet Ministerial Committee on the Central Capability: Programme Analysis and Review (PAR) Proposal for 1974-1976. [Memorandum by the Chief Secretary, Treasury].(T. 227/4221)。

圖書論文
1.	李奉儒(2008)。臺灣政治解嚴以來的教育改革論述之評析。解嚴以來臺灣教育改革的省思。臺北市：學富文化。延伸查詢
2.	Bowden of Chesterfield(1982)。Is Manpower Planning Necessary? Is it Possible? What Next?。The British Malaise: Industrial Performance Education & Training in Britain Today。Falmer。
3.	Pemberton, H.(2004)。Affluence, Relative Decline and the Treasury。An Affluent Society? Britain's Post-War 'Golden Age' Revisited。Aldershot：Ashgate。
4.	Chitty, C.(1992)。From great debate to great reform act: The post-war consensus overturned, 1976-1988。Rethinking radical education essay in honour of Brian Simon。London：Lawrence and Wishart。

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