A Critical Review on the Important Classificatory Concepts of Modern Political Regimes_

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題名：	A Critical Review on the Important Classificatory Concepts of Modern Political Regimes
書刊名：	東吳政治學報
作者：	吳文程
作者(外文)：	Wu, Wen-cheng
出版日期：	2015
卷期：	33:4
頁次：	頁211-281+281_1
主題關鍵詞：	類型概念；政權；民主政權；極權型政權；權威型政權；Classificatory concept；Political regime；Democratic regime；Totalitarian regime；Authoritarian regime
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:0 共同引用:0 點閱:48

分類是了解的開端，是我們分辨認識週遭事物的主要辦法。當我們將政治現象（活動、體系、制度）加以分類，每一類型給予一個一般性名詞，就形成了類型概念。本文試圖以基本的分類原則和標準來檢視(檢討和批判)比較政治裏，現代政權的一些重要的類型概念。現代政權可以分類成三個主要類型：民主的、極權的和權威的三種政權。為符合排斥性的標準，極權型政權和－黨權威型政權，必須清楚地加以區分。賴帕特（Arend Lijphart）將民主區分成多數民主和共識民主二種模式，使我們了解二種模式的不同政治效果，但是他的分類並不符合分類的標準。權威型政權可以進一步分類成二種類型:軍事權威型政權和－黨權威型政權。歐當諾（Guillermo O'Donnell）的官僚權威型政權概念，將研究焦點聚焦於官僚體系和技術官僚的角色，以及經濟的決定性因素，但是既然這些政權大多數是由軍隊和軍人所建立和統治，也許就稱它們為軍事權威型政權比較適當。選舉（競爭）權威型政權也許有不少經驗世界的個案，但它是一個自相矛盾的名詞，它混淆了民主和權威型（非民主）政權的界限。如果那些形式上的民主措施只是為了鞏固權威型政權，並不符合民主的最低標準，何不就稱它們為權威型政權。

以文找文

Classification is the beginning of understanding. It is the main method of sorting things out and making sense out of the world we live in. When we classify political phenomena (activities, systems, or institutions) into classes and give each class a general noun we form classificatory concepts. This paper tries to use the basic principles and criteria of classification to critically review the important classificatory concepts of modern political regimes in comparative politics. Modern political regimes can be classified into three main types: democratic, totalitarian and authoritarian regimes. To meet the criterion of exclusiveness, totalitarian regimes and authoritarian regimes, especially one-party authoritarian regimes must be clearly distinguished from each other. Lijphart's classification of democracy into majoritarian versus consensus democracies sheds light on different political effects of these two modes of democracy, but his classification does not meet the criteria of classification. Authoritarian regimes can be further classified into two types: military authoritarian regimes and one-party authoritarian regimes. O'Donnell's concept of bureaucratic authoritarianism focuses on the role of bureaucracies and the economic determinants of these regimes. But most of these regimes are established and ruled by the military, it may be more appropriate to just call them military authoritarian regimes. Electoral (or competitive) authoritarian regimes may have quite a few empirical cases, but it is a self contradictory term. It blurs the boundary between democracy and authoritarianism. If some democratic trappings are there just to consolidate authoritarian rule and do not meet the minimal criteria of democracy, it may be better just call them authoritarian regimes.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Morse, Yonatan L.(2012)。The Era of Electoral Authoritarianism。World Politics，64(1)，161-198。
2.	Cheibub, José Antonio、Gandhi, Jennifer、Vreeland, James Raymond(2010)。Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited。Public Choice，143(1/2)，67-101。
3.	Sartori, Giovanni(1970)。Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics。American Political Science Review，64(4)，1033-1053。
4.	Kaiser, André(1997)。Types of Democracy: From Classical to New Institutionalism。Journal of Theoretical Politics，9(4)，419-444。
5.	Way, Lucan A.、Levitsky, Steven(2002)。Elections Without Democracy: The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism。Journal of Democracy，13(2)，51-65。
6.	Putnam, Robert D.(1967)。Toward Explaining Military Intervention in Latin American Politics。World Politics，20，83-110。
7.	Schamis, Hector E.(1991)。Reconceptualizing Latin American Authoritarianism in the 1970s: From Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism to Neoconservatism。Comparative Politics，23(2)，201-220。
8.	Remmer, Karen L.、Merkx, Gilbert W.(1982)。Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism Revisited。Latin American Research Review，17(2)，3-40。
9.	Pye, Lucian W.(1961)。Armies in the Process of Political Modernization。Archives Europeenes de Sociologie，2，82-92。
10.	Pemstein, Daniel、Meserve, Stephen A.、Melton, James(2010)。Democratic Compromise: A Latent Variable Analysis of Ten Measures of Regime Type。Political Analysis，18(4)，426-449。
11.	Møller, Jørgen、Skaaning, Svend-Erik(2013)。The Third Wave: Inside the Numbers。Journal of Democracy，24(4)，97-109。
12.	Im, Hyug Baeg(1987)。The Rise of Bureaucratic Authoritarianism in South Korea。World Politics，39(2)，231-257。
13.	Harbeson, John(1998)。A Bureaucratic Authoritarian Regime。Journal of Democracy，9(4)，62-69。
14.	Geddes, Barbara、Weight, Joseph、Fraztz, Eric(2014)。Autocratic Regimes and Transitions。Perspectives of Politics，12(2)，313-331。
15.	Diamond, Larry Jay(2002)。Thinking About Hybrid Regimes。Journal of Democracy，13(2)，21-35。
16.	Cotton, James(1992)。Understanding the State in South Korea: Bureaucratic-Authoritarian or State Autonomy Theory?。Comparative Political Studies，24(4)，512-531。
17.	Bogaard, Matthijs(2009)。How to Classify Hybrid Regimes? Defective Democracy and Electoral Authoritarianism。Democratization，16(2)，399-423。
18.	Bogaard, Matthijs(2000)。The Uneasy Relationship between Empirical and Normative Types in Consociation Theory。Journal of Theoretical Politics，12(4)，305-423。
19.	Adriano, Fermin D.(1984)。A Critique of the 'Bureaucratic Authoritarian State' Thesis: The Case of the Philippines。Journal of Contemporary Asia，14(4)，450-484。
20.	Schedler, Andreas(2002)。The Menu of Manipulation。Journal of Democracy，13(2)，36-50。

研究報告
1.	Mainwaring, Scot、Brinks, Daniel、Perez-Linan, Anibal(2000)。Classifying Political Regimes in Latin America, 1945-1999。Notre Dame, IN：Kellogg Institute, University of Notre Dame。

圖書
1.	O'Donnell, Guillermo A.(1973)。Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics。University of California。
2.	Isaak, A. C.(1985)。Scope and method of political science。Illinos：The Dorsey Press。
3.	Collier, David(1979)。The New Authoritarianism in Latin America。Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press。
4.	Johnson, John J.(1962)。The Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries。Princeton：Princeton University Press。
5.	Schedler, Andreas(2006)。Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition。Boulder, Colo：Lynne Rienner Publishers。
6.	Huntington, S. P.、Moore, C. H.(1970)。Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society。New York：Basic Press。
7.	Finer, Samuel E.(1962)。The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics。Baltimore：Penguin Books。
8.	Schumpeter, Joseph A.(1943)。Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy。London：George Allen & Unwin。
9.	Sartori, Giovanni(1976)。Parties and Party System。Cambridge University Press。
10.	Friedrich, Carl J.、Brzezinski, Zbigniew K.(1965)。Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy。New York：Praeger。
11.	Stepan, Alfred(1971)。The Military in Politics: Changing Pattern in Brazil。Princeton：Princeton University Press。
12.	Sartori, Giovanni(1987)。The Theory of Democracy Revisited。Chatham, NJ：Catham House。
13.	Roller, Edeltraud、Bendix, John(2005)。The Performance of Democracies: Political Institutions and Public Policy。Oxford：Oxford University Press。
14.	Packenham, Robert A.(1973)。Liberal America and the Third World。Princeton：Princeton University Press。
15.	Nordlinger, Eric A.(1977)。Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Government。Englewood Cliffs, N.J.：Prentice Hall。
16.	Marshall, Monty G.(2014)。Polity IV Project: Political Regimes Characteristics and Transition: 1800-2013。Vienna, VA：Center for Systemic Peace。
17.	Janowitz, Morris(1971)。The Military in the Political Development of New Nations。Chicago：University of Chicago Press。
18.	Huntington, Samuel P.(1957)。The Solider and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil--Military Relations。Harvard University Press。
19.	Hempel, Carl G.(1952)。Fundamental of Concept Formation in Empirical Science。Chicago：University of Chicago Press。
20.	Bormann, Nils-Christian(2010)。Patterns of Democracy and Its Critics。Center for Comparative and International Studies, ETH Zurich and Zurich University.。
21.	Dahl, Robert A.(1971)。Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition。New Haven, CT：Yale University Press。
22.	Lijphart, Arend(1984)。Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries。Yale University Press。
23.	Huntington, Samuel Phillips(1991)。The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century。University of Oklahoma Press。
24.	Lijphart, Arend(1999)。Patterns of democracy: government forms and performance in thirty-six countries。Yale University Press。
25.	Linz, Juan J.(2000)。Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes。Lynne Rienner Publishers。

其他
1.	Freedom House(2015)。Index of Freedom in the World，https://freedomhouse.org/report-types/freedom-world#.VeQzDaTovIU。

圖書論文
1.	Cardoso, Fernando Henrigue(1979)。On the Characterization of Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America。The New Authoritarianism in Latin America。Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press。
2.	Friedrich, Carl J.(1969)。The Evolving Theory and Practice of Totalitarian Regimes。Totalitarianism in Perspective: Three Views。New York：Praeger。
3.	Skilling, H. Gor(1971)。Group Conflict in Soviet Politics: Some Conclusions。Interest Groups in Soviet Politics。Princeton：Princeton University Press。
4.	Serra, Jose(1979)。Three Mistaken Theses Regarding the Connection between Industrialization and Authoritarian Regimes。The New Authoritarianism in Latin America。Princeton, N.J.：Princeton University Press。
5.	Munk, Gerardo L.(2006)。Drawing Boundaries: How to Craft Intermediate Regime。Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition。Boulder, Colo.：Lynne Rienner。
6.	O'Donnell, Guillermo(1979)。Tensions in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State。The New Authoritarianism in Latin America。Princeton, N.J.：Princeton University Press。
7.	Linz, Juan(1964)。An Authoritarian Regime: the Case of Spain。Mass Politics: Studies in Political Sociology。New York：Free Press。
8.	Linz, Juan J.(1975)。Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes。Handbook of Political Science, Volume 3: Macropolitical Theory。Reading, Massachusetts：Addison-Wesley Publishing Company。
9.	Fuchs, Dieter(2000)。Typen and Indizes Demokratischer Regimen-Eine Analyse des Prasidentialismmus-und Veto-Spieter-Ansatzes。Demokratiemessung-Konzepte and Befunde im internationalen Vergletch。Wiesbaden：Westdeutscher Verlag。
10.	Cumings, Bruce(1988)。World System and Authoritarian Regime in Korea, 1948-1984。Contending Approaches to the Political Economy of Taiwan。Armonk, N.K.：M.E. Sharpe。

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