急性阻力運動對認知功能的效益於近年受到研究關注，有鑑於針對此議題的相關文獻回顧仍缺乏，相關文獻彙整有其重要性。本研究目的為：（一）統整針對急性阻力運動與認知功能之關係進行探討的研究並提出可能的調節因子；（二）提出急性阻力運動促進認知功能的可能機制；（三）提出未來可能的研究方向。經過文獻彙整後本研究獲致下列結果：（一）採用上半身或全身性阻力運動的研究發現阻力運動對認知功能具有正面影響，中強度運動對高階認知功能的效益尤為明顯；（二）採用等長收縮阻力運動的研究較少，研究結果未趨一致，尚無法針對此類型阻力運動進行認知效益的評估；（三）阻力運動強度、所測量認知成分以及參與者年齡為主要調節因子，個別調節因子可能透過與其他調節因子產生交互作用來影響阻力運動的效益；及 (四) 覺醒、前額葉皮質活化以及周邊血液生化指標變化是阻力運動促進認知功能的可能機制。最後，建議未來研究針對等長收縮運動的效益與阻力運動對於高齡族群的影響進行研究；同時，考量至少兩個調節因子交互作用可能產生的影響以及跨領域的研究手段。

The effect of acute resistance exercise on cognitive function has drawn attention from research. However, considering the lack of a comprehensive review regarding the effect of acute resistance exercise on cognition, review on extant literature can be of help. Thus, purposes of current literature review were to: 1) summarize extant findings capturing the effect of acute resistance exercise on cognitive function; 2) discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the relationship between resistance exercise and cognition; and 3) provide future prospects. It was summarized by the current study that: 1) studies using upper- or whole-body resistance exercise revealed positive effects on cognition, with moderate-intensity exercise presented disproportionally larger effect on high-order cognitions; 2) the cognitive benefits of isometric forms of resistance exercise remained controversial; 3) exercise intensity, cognitive domains, and participants’ age are key moderators; these moderators could interact with each other to moderate exercise benefits; and 4) changes in arousal, prefrontal cortex activation, and levels of serum biomarkers could be mechanisms accounting for the exercise effects. Finally, the current review suggests future works focus on cognitive benefits of isometric contraction exercise and extend the population to the elderly. Further, the potential interaction effect of two or more moderators as well as an inter-discipline approach should be considered for study design.