Peng Zhen and Deng Xiaoping had been two important leaders of the Chinese Communist Party. During the period before the eruption of the Cultural Revolution, they both acted as Party Chairman Mao Zedong's main political assistants and followed his lead carefully. The political relationship between these two political figures has received little research attention in Chinese-language publications published in Mainland China and Western academic works. In fact, there has been no detailed empirical study related to the issue. Based on newly available materials and recent interviews, this study demonstrates the following: Peng devotedly assisted Mao in implementing the Yan'an Rectification Movement during the first half of the 1940s. Consequently, he was not only elected to be a Politburo member, but was also nominated by Mao to be the alternate secretary of the Central Secretariat, the de facto supreme policy-making organ of the Party at the time. Much later than Peng, Deng’s political status soared after making a great military contribution during the civil war and playing a significant role in the Gao Gang-Rao Shushi Incident, becoming a political rising star in the mid- 1950s. In 1956, with strong support from the Party center led by Mao, Deng was appointed to be a member of the Politburo Standing Committee and also the General Secretary in charge of leading the Central Secretariat and handling the daily works of the Party center. As a senior member of the Politburo, Peng was appointed the second-ranking leader of the Central Secretariat, a position he was entrusted with great responsibility by Deng, and exerted substantial power and influence over Chinese politics. Prior to the Cultural Revolution, Peng and Deng cooperated well in implementing central policies and running the Party-state on behalf of the central authority. However, it is noteworthy that in contrast to Deng who drew criticism from Mao due to the economic adjustments in 1962, Peng and Mao had similar views over the issues involved. As a result, Mao trusted him even further. Furthermore, after Mao criticized Deng in late 1964 for trying to establish an "independent kingdom" politically, Peng continued to be in Mao’s good graces until spring 1966 when the Supreme Leader was about to launch the Cultural Revolution. Before and even during the Cultural Revolution, Mao seemed to intentionally manipulate the unspoken competition between Peng and Deng to serve his own political interests.