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題名:「風格」的根源--由Gropius/GSD教育回溯
書刊名:設計學報
作者:褚瑞基
作者(外文):Chu, Ray S. C.
出版日期:2019
卷期:24:4
頁次:頁1-16
主題關鍵詞:包浩斯葛羅佩斯哈佛建築研究所建築教育現代主義國際風格BauhausWalter GropiusHarvard/GSDArchitectural educationModernismInternational style
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哈佛GSD教育在華爾特.葛羅佩斯(Gropius, W.)於1937-1952年擔任主任期間,發展出一個系統性的教育邏輯;這教育系統將美國建築教育由布雜(Beaux-Arts)傳統帶向現代化。猶如葛羅佩斯在1919年創立包浩斯一樣,「未來」的想像成為偉大的理想,但這「未來」在進入1960年之後成了被攻擊的內容。葛羅佩斯引領的哈佛建築教育主張,被許多評論者認定為是現代主義中「國際風格」的推手,並被指摘為應該為現代城市發展的失敗擔負責任。本文章對於葛羅佩斯GSD教育中的內容做檢視,並回溯葛羅佩斯在包浩斯(Bauhaus)時期的教育及思想。其結論在於還原葛羅佩斯GSD教育的基礎並非建立在形態「風格」為引導的思想價值,而是基礎於當代社會的真實需要。
Walter Gropius, founder of Bauhaus, served as chairman of GSD/Harvard from 1937 to 1952 and developed an education program which converted American architectural education from its traditional Beaux-Arts root to modernism. However this change was not fully appreciated; GSD/Harvard architectural education was attached as propagator of "international style", which was considered by many critics to be responsible for the failure of modern city development. This article offers a full examination of Gropius educational schemes in GSD and traced back Gropius' education mind-set from Bauhaus period. It concludes that Gropius' education was not as purported "style" orientated; rather it was based on social need.
期刊論文
1.Burchard, C.(1959)。Gropius at Harvard。Journal of Architectural Education,14(2),23-25。  new window
2.Frank, M.(2008)。The theory of pure design and architectural education in the early twentieth century。Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians,67(2),248-273。  new window
3.Gropius, W.(1939)。Training the architect。Twice a Year,2,142-151。  new window
4.Gropius, W.(1964)。Tradition and continuity in architecture。The Architecture Record,5。  new window
5.Pehnt, W.(1971)。Gropius the romantic。The Art Bulletin,53(3),379-392。  new window
6.Pei, I. M.(1948)。Museum for Chinese Art, Shanghai China。Progressive Architecture,2,50-52。  new window
會議論文
1.吳光庭(2009)。兩所紙上大學--W. Gropius的華東大學規劃與吉阪隆正、林慶豐的東海大學校園規劃。2009文化資產保存、再利用與保存科學國際研討會。高雄市:高雄正修科技大學。153-161。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Pevsner, Nikolaus(1970)。Pioneers of modern design。Penguin Books Ltd。  new window
2.Frampton, K.(1980)。Modern Architecture: A Critical History。Thames and Hudson Press。  new window
3.Whitford, Frank、林育如(2010)。包浩斯。臺北市:商周。  延伸查詢new window
4.Gropius, Walter、Shand, P. M.(1965)。The New Architecture and the Bauhaus。Cambridge, Massachusetts:The MIT Press。  new window
5.Benjamin, A.(2006)。Style and time。Evanston, IL:Northwestern University Press。  new window
6.Alofsin, A.(2002)。The Struggle for Modernism: Architecture, Landscape Architecture, and City Planning at Harvard。New York, NY:W. W. Norton and Company Ltd。  new window
7.Becker, S.(2000)。Neue sachlichkeit。Köln:Böhlau Print。  new window
8.Colquhoun, A.(1991)。Modernity and crisis of tradition。Cambridge, MA:MIT Press。  new window
9.Dal Co, F.(1990)。Figures of architecture and thought。New York, NY:Rizzoli。  new window
10.Gropius, W.(1955)。Scope of total architecture。New York, NY:Harper & Brothers Publishers。  new window
11.Herdeg, K.(1983)。The decorative diagram。Cambridge, MA:The MIT Press。  new window
12.Herrmann, W.(1996)。In what style should we build? The German debate on architecture style。Los Angeles, CA:Getty Foundation Publication。  new window
13.MacCarthy, F.(2019)。Gropius: The man who built the Bauhaus。New York, NY:Belknap Press。  new window
14.MoMA Exhibition Booklet(1932)。Modern architecture: International exhibition。New York, NY:MoMA。  new window
15.MoMA Exhibition Catalogue(1938)。Bauhaus, 1919-1928。New York, NY:MoMA。  new window
16.Pearlman, J. E.(2007)。Inventing American modernism: Joseph Hudnut, Walter Gropius, and the Bauhaus Legacy at Harvard。Charlottesville, VA:University of Virginia Press。  new window
17.Semper, G.、Mallgrave, H.、Robinson, M.(2004)。Style in the technical and tectonic arts; or, practical aesthetics。Los Angeles, CA:Getty Research Institute Publications。  new window
18.Tafuri, M.、Dal Co, F.(1980)。Modern architecture。Milan:Electa/Rizzoli。  new window
19.Schwartz, F. J.(1996)。The Werkbund: Design Theory and Mass Culture before the First World War。New Haven, CT:Yale University Press。  new window
20.Venturi, R.(1997)。Complexity and contradiction in architecture。New York, NY:Museum of Modern Art。  new window
21.王大閎、蕭梅(1997)。王大閎作品集。台北:國立台北技術學院建築設計技術系。  延伸查詢new window
其他
1.Gropius, W.(1919)。Manifesto of the Staatliches Bauhaus,https://bauhausmanifesto.com/。  new window
2.Haxthausen, C. W.(2009)。Walter Gropius and Lyonel Feininger Bauhaus Manifesto,https://www.academia.edu/5392236/Walter_Gropius_and_Lyonel_Feininger_Bauhaus_Manifesto._1919。  new window
3.Monk, T.(1999)。The art and architecture of Paul Rudolph,https://www.paulrudolphheritagefoundation.org/philosophy-1。  new window
4.Moreno, C. M.(2015)。The "Corporeality" of the image in Walter Gropius' Monumentale Kunst und Industriebau Lecture,https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/im/2014-n24-25-im02279/1034165ar/。  new window
圖書論文
1.Boyle, B. M.(1977)。Architecture practice in America, 1865-1965。The architect。New York, NY:Oxford University Press。  new window
2.Anderson, S.(1988)。Modern architecture and industry--Peter Behrens and the AEG Factories。Opposition reader。Princeton, NJ:Princeton Architecture Press。  new window
3.O'Sullivan, Nan Catherine(2014)。Duplicity: The translation of Bauhaus pedagogy into American modernist architectural education。Society of architectural historians, Australia and New Zealand。Auckland:SAHAZ and Unitec ePress。  new window
4.Dearstyne, H.(1986)。The struggle for an ideal。Inside the Bauhaus。New York, NY:Rizzoli International Publication。  new window
5.Draper, J.(1977)。The ecole des beaux-arts and the architectural profession in the United State。The architect。New York, NY:Oxford University Press。  new window
6.Gropius, W.(1993)。Eight steps toward a solid architecture。Architecture culture 1943-1968。New York, NY:Columbia Book of Architecture。  new window
7.Nerdinger, W.(1990)。From Bauhaus to Harvard: Walter Gropius and the use of history。The history of American schools of architecture 1865-1975。Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press。  new window
8.Mertins, D.(1997)。Anything but Literal: Sigfried Giedion and the reception of Cubism in Germany。Architecture and cubism。Cambridge, MA:The MIT Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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