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題名:商周奴隸社會說糾謬
書刊名:人文及社會科學集刊
作者:何炳棣
出版日期:1995
卷期:7:2
頁次:頁77-108
主題關鍵詞:奴隸社會
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(2) 博士論文(2) 專書(1) 專書論文(0)
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  • 點閱點閱:27
     奴隸的通性有三:一、奴隸是屬於主人的、可以買賣的「物」和「動產」,不具 有人的權利與義務;二、奴隸與原來所屬的種族、邦國、宗教、家族的關係完全已被根拔; 三、奴隸永是社會的「外方人」。只有依靠奴隸為生產主力的古今社會,才能被稱為奴隸社 會。 以上列奴隸三個基本特徵與商周考古及文獻資料相核證的結果是:佔商代人口極大多數的「 眾」和佔周代人口極大多數的「庶人」都是享有室家的平民,都不是奴隸;即使周代被認為 「卑賤」的「皁、隸、圉、牧」也還各有家室,都是下級的職事人員,不是奴隸。在商代只 有被擄的「羌」和其他異族的人是奴隸;在周代只有「罪隸」和異族戰俘是奴隸。真正的奴 隸在全人口中既微不足道而且很少從事生產,商周社會決無法被認為是奴隸社會。 附錄扼要指出何以商周奴隸社會說的指導理論--馬克思的「亞細亞生產方式說」--幾乎 完全沒有史實根據,所以不能成立。
     To be duly regarded as a slave, one has to possess the following characteristics. 1. Being in the nature of a "thing" (tes) or "chattel", he is devoid of human rights and obligations. 2. A slave is the one whose relationship with his original race, state, religion, kinship and family has been completely uprooted. 3. From the society's standpoint, a slave is always an "outsider." A critical examination of relevant archaeological and literary data of the Shang-Chou period, based on these three criteria, leads to the following conclusion: the overwhelming majorities of the Shang-Chou populations, being "chung 眾 " and "shu-jen 庶人 " respectively, all enjoyed ordinary family and kinship relationships and were therefore common people rather than salves; the scattered and numerically insignificant groups of slaves were either war captives or criminals. Ancient China never underwent a "salve-society" stage. The appendix explains succinctly how and why Marx's theme of "the Asiatic Mode of Production, " which has inspired the formulation of the Shang-Chou slave-society theory, is not borne out by historical evidence and must be declared invalid.
期刊論文
1.何炳棣(1995)。天及天命探原:古代史料甄別運用方法示例。中國哲學史,10,36-48。  延伸查詢new window
2.顧德融(1982)。中國古代人殉、人牲者的身份探析。中國史研究,1982(2)。  延伸查詢new window
3.黃中業(1984)。春秋時期的皂隸牧圉屬於平民階層。齊魯學刊,2,69-75。  延伸查詢new window
4.應永深(1981)。說「庶人」。中國史研究,1981(2),92-99。  延伸查詢new window
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6.黃展岳(1974)。我國古代的人殉和人牲--從人殉、人牲看孔丘「克己復禮」的反動性。考古,1974(3),153-163。  延伸查詢new window
7.楊錫璋、楊寶成(1977)。從商代祭祀坑看商代奴隸社會的人牲。考古,1977(1),13-19。  延伸查詢new window
8.于省吾(1957)。ト辭所見商代社會。東北人民大學人文科學學報,2/3。  延伸查詢new window
9.平心(1962)。從《尚書》研究論到《大誥》校釋。歷史研究,5,73。  延伸查詢new window
10.呂文郁(1991)。西周采邑制度述略3,20-31。  延伸查詢new window
11.何茲全(1985)。眾人和庶民。史學月刊,1985(1),18-20。  延伸查詢new window
12.徐喜辰(1984)。「眾」、「庶人」並非奴隸論補證:兼說商周農民多於奴隸亦為奴隸社會問題。東北師大學報(哲學社會科學報),1984(2),34-41。  延伸查詢new window
13.陳夢家(1954)。西周金文中的殷人身分。歴史研究,1954(6),85-106。  延伸查詢new window
14.黃展岳(1983)。殷商墓葬中人殉人牲的再考察--附論殉牲祭性。考古,10,935-949。  延伸查詢new window
15.趙錫元(1956)。試論殷代的主要生產者「眾」和「眾人」的社會身分。東北人民大學人文科學學報,1956(4),63-80。  延伸查詢new window
16.顧頡剛(1964)。《尚書•大詰》今釋(摘要)。歷史研究,4。  延伸查詢new window
17.Toynbe, Arnold J.(1958)。Wittfogel's Oriental Despotism52,195-198。  new window
圖書
1.丁山(1956)。甲骨文所見氏族及其制度。科學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
2.Olmstead, A. T.(1948)。History of the Persian Empire。Chicago, Illinois:University of Chicago Press。  new window
3.何茲全(1991)。中國古代社會。河南人民出版社。  延伸查詢new window
4.Engels, Frederick(1973)。The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State: In the Light of the Researches of Lewis H. Morgan。New York:International Publishers。  new window
5.Boorman, Howard、Howard, R. C.(1968)。Biographical Dictionary of Republican China。N.Y.:Columbia University Press。  new window
6.馬長壽(1962)。北狄與匈奴。北京:生活•讀書•新知三聯書店。  延伸查詢new window
7.侯外廬、趙紀彬、杜國庠(1957)。中國思想通史(第一卷):古代思想史。人民出版社。  延伸查詢new window
8.Kramer(1963)。The Sumerians. Their history, culture and character。Chicago:University of Chicago Press。  new window
9.Bailey, Anne M.、Llobera, Josep R.(1981)。The Asiatic Mode of Production: Science and Politics。London:Routledge and Kegan Paul。  new window
10.Wittfogel, Karl August(1957)。Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power。Yale University Press。  new window
11.Morgan, L. H.、White, L. A.(1964)。Ancient Society。Cambridge, Mass:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press。  new window
12.童書業(1980)。春秋左傳研究。上海:上海人民出版社。  延伸查詢new window
13.竹添光鴻(1903)。春秋經傳集解。東京:井井書屋。  延伸查詢new window
14.金景芳(1986)。中國奴隸社會史。上海:人民出版社。  延伸查詢new window
15.郭沬若(1931)。兩周金文辭大系考釋。香港。  延伸查詢new window
16.郭沬若(1964)。中國古代社會研究。北京。  延伸查詢new window
17.郭沬若(1973)。奴隸制時代。北京:科學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
18.劉茂林(1992)。郭沬若新論。北京:社會科學文獻出版社。  延伸查詢new window
19.Anderson, Perry(1974)。Passages form Antiquity to Feudalism。London:New Left Books。  new window
20.Buckland, W. W.(1969)。The Roman Law of Slavery。London。  new window
21.Christ, Karl(1984)。The Romans。Berkeley:University of California Press。  new window
22.Dandamaev, Munammad A.、Lukonin, Vladimir G.(1989)。The Culture and Social Institutions of Ancient Iran。Cambridge:Cambridge University Press。  new window
23.Engels, Frederick(1962)。Anti-Duhing。Moscow:Progress Publisher。  new window
24.Finley, Sir Moses I.(1985)。The Ancient Economy。Berkeley:University of California Press。  new window
25.Habib, Irfan(1963)。The Agrarian System of Mughal India。Madras。  new window
26.何炳隸(1975)。The Cradle of the East: An Inquiry into the Indiqenous Origins of Techinques and Ideas of Neolithic and Early History China, 5000-1000 B. C.。香港:香港中文大學出版社。  new window
27.Krader, Lawrence(1974)。The Ethnological Notebooks of Karl Marx。Assen:Van Gorcum。  new window
28.O'Leary, Brendan(1989)。The Asiatic Mode of Production: Oriental Despotism, Historical Materialism, and Indian History。Oxford:Basil Blackwell。  new window
29.Wiedmann, Thomas(1981)。Greek and Roman Slavery。London。  new window
30.裘錫圭(1992)。古代文史研究新探。南京:江蘇古籍出版社。  延伸查詢new window
31.白川靜、溫天河、蔡哲茂(1989)。金文的世界。臺北:聯經。  延伸查詢new window
其他
1.郭沬若(1950)。讀了《記殷周殉人之史實》,北京:科學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
圖書論文
1.郭沬若(1950)。申訴ー下關於殷代殉人的問題。奴隸制時代。北京:科學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
2.Davis, Kingsley、Warner, W. Lloyd(1968)。Structural Analysis of Kinship。Kinstivp and Social Organization。New York:Humanities Press。  new window
3.Finley, Sir Moses I.(1968)。Slavery。The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences。New York:Free Press。  new window
4.Ho, Ping-ti(1965)。An Historian's View of the Chinese Family System。Man and Civilization: The Family's Search for Survival。New York:Berkley-San Francisco。  new window
5.Toynbee, Arnold J.(1958)。Wittfogel's Oriental Despotism。The Asiatic Mode of Production。  new window
6.楊錫璋(1986)。商代的人殉和人牲。考古學。北京:中國大百科全書出版社。  延伸查詢new window
7.王國維(1959)。鬼方昆夷玁狁考。觀堂集林。北京:中華書局。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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