Considerable attention has been given to the proper measurement, estimation, and analysis of the technological structure of Chinese agriculture. During the past four decade, studies motivated by duality theory have also analyzed regional farm production. No attempt has been made, however to analyze the Indica type rice production structure of Mainland China. China is a large nation in terms of both population and economy. Due to rapid development of industrial and commercial sectors, China's agricultural sector has experienced substantial change in its production structure and profitability. One immediate impact of land reform was constrained expansion in farm size. Lester Brown points out that if countries become densely populated before industrialization takes place, they inevitable suffer a heavy loss of cropland. This loss of cropland quickly overrides the rise in land productivity, leading to a decline in grain production. The acrage of cultivated land of Indica type rice dropped from 31.8 million hectares to 27.4 million hectares. The output of Indica type rice decreased sharply in 1990's. President Jiang Zemin warned that "lagging agricultural growth could spawn problems that would threaten inflation, stability, and national economic development". He indicated that some developed coastal areas where industrialization was particularly rapid had suffered a precipitous drop in the amount of acreage under cultivation, saying that this is "a trend which must be reversed". The purpose of this study is to exam the structure of agricultural production in the Mainland China using a "single-output, multiple inputs" variable profit model. Specifically, input demand and output supply elasticities were estimated for Indica type rice and five inputs. 1.The effects of technical change on input were capital intensive and labor saving in nature for Indica type rice. This indicates the increasing use of inputs which are biased toward machinery and against labor. The interrelatedness of the results from this analysis of farm production has significance for policy formulation. 2.The impact of single price change on all other inputs can easily be determined in such an integrated framework.