Considerable attention has given to the proper measurement, estimation, and analysis of the technological structure of Chinese agriculture. During the past four decades, studies motivated by duality theory have also analyzed regional farm production. No attempt has made to analyze the Japonica- type rice production structure in Mainland China. China is a large nation in terms of both population and economy. Due to the rapid development of industrial and commercial sectors, China's agricultural sector has experienced substantial changes in its production structure and profitability. To meet challenging economic conditions, agricultural policy most be adjusted in a timely fashion in order to prevent the small farm economy from collapsing. The purpose of this study is to examine the structure of agricultural production in Mainland China using a "single-output, multiple inputs" variable profit model. The empirical results of this study are as follows: 1. Input demand and output supply elasticities were estimated for Japonica-type rice and five inputs. 2. Technical changes led to capital-intensive and labor-saving benefit for Japonica-type rice. This indicates the increasing use of inputs which are biased toward machinery and seed and against labor. The results from this analysis of farm production is important in policy formulation. 3.The impact of single price change on all other inputs can easily be determined in such an integrated framework.