The Relative Importance of Partisanship, Issue, and Candidate in American Presidential Electoral Behavior--A Discussion of Methodology and Case Study_

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題名：	The Relative Importance of Partisanship, Issue, and Candidate in American Presidential Electoral Behavior--A Discussion of Methodology and Case Study
書刊名：	選舉研究
作者：	盛治仁
作者(外文)：	Sheng, Chihjen Emile
出版日期：	1999
卷期：	6:1
頁次：	頁67-110
主題關鍵詞：	投票行為；兩階段迴歸；候選人中心政治；Presidential election；Voting behavior；Two-stage least square；Candidate-centered politics
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(1) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:1 共同引用:0 點閱:29

　　　　　本文主要在研究美國總統選舉過程中，政策考量、政黨認同、及候選人特質等因素的相對重要性。在統計方法上，作者以符合即時資訊處理（ on-line information processing ）理論的方式來建構變項。過去的研究以開放式問卷來評估候選人影響力的方式可能會低估候選人實質的影響力。作者發現，以全體選民整體而言，候選人的人格特質在三個變項裡有最大的影響力，而且候選人特質也會透過投射及說服作用，對選民的政策考慮造成顯著的非直接影響。

以文找文

　　　　　This study focuses on the analysis of the relative importance of policy considerations, candidate personality assessments, and partisanship in the presidential selection process. In constructing my statistical models, I utilize developments in information processing theory to construct variables that conform to the on-line information processing assumption. previous studies using open-ended questions to operationalize candidate assessments may underestimate their effects. I find that for the whole electorate, the personal characteristics of candidates have the most effect of the three schemata under examination, and there is a strong indirect influence of candidate assessment on policy considerations through projection and persuasion effects.

以文找文

期刊論文
1.	Rosenberg, Shawn W.、Bohan, Lisa、McCafferty, Patrick、Harris, Kevin(1986)。The Image and the Vote: The Effect of Candidate Presentation on Voter Preference。American Journal of Political Science，30(1)，108-127。
2.	Archer, Keith(1987)。A Simultaneous Equation Model of Canadian Voting Behavior。Canadian Journal of Political Science，20(3)，553-572。
3.	Fabrigar, Leandre R.、Krosnick, Jon A.(199505)。Attitude importance and the false consensus effect。Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin，21(5)，468-480。
4.	Clarke, Harold D.、Stewart, Marianne C.(1985)。Short-term Forces and Partisan Change in Canada: 1974-80。Electoral Studies，4，15-35。
5.	Cain, Bruce E.、Ferejohn, John A.(1981)。A Comparison of Party Identification in the United States and Great Britain。Comparative Political Studies，14，31-47。
6.	Jacoby, W. G.(1986)。Levels of Conceptualization and Reliance On the Liberal-Conservative Continuum。Journal of Politics，48，423-432。
7.	Judd, C. M.、Kenny, D. A.、Krosnick, J. A.(1983)。Judging the Positions of Political Candidates: Models of Assimilation and Contrast。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，44，952-963。
8.	Knight, K.(1985)。Ideology in the 1980 Election: Ideological Sophistication does Matter。Journal of Politics，47，828-853。
9.	Popkin, S.、Gorman, J.、Philips, C.、Smith, J.(1976)。Comment: What have you done for me lately? Toward an investment Theory of Voting。American Political Science Review，70，779-805。
10.	Schuman, Howard、Kudwig, Jacob、Krosnick, Jon A.(1986)。The Perceived Threat of Nuclear War, Salience, and Open Questions。Public Opinion Quarterly，50，519-536。
11.	Romero, David W.(198910)。The Changing American Voter Revisited-Candidate Evaluations in Presidential Elections, 1952 to 1984。American Politics Quarterly，17(4)，409-421。
12.	Stimson. J.(1975)。Belief Systems: Constraint, Complexity, and the 1972 Election。American Journal of Political Science，74，685-696。
13.	Kelley, Stanley Jr.、Mirer, Thad W.(1974)。The simple act of voting。American Political Science Review，68(2)，572-591。
14.	Markus, Gregory B.、Converse, Philip E.(19791200)。A Dynamic Simultaneous Equation Model of Electoral Choice。The American Political Science Review，73，1055-1070。
15.	Brody, Richard A.、Page, Benjamin I.(1972)。Comment: The Assessment of Policy Voting。American Political Science Review，66(2)，450-458。
16.	Franklin, Charles H.(1984)。Issue Preferences, Socialization, and the Evolution of Party Identification。American Journal of Political Science，28(3)，459-478。
17.	Franklin, Charles H.、Jackson, John E.(198312)。The Dynamics of Party Identification。American Political Science Review，77(4)，957-973。
18.	Glass, David P.(1985)。Evaluating Presidential Candidates: Who Focuses on Their Personal Attributes?。Public Opinion Quarterly，49(4)，517-534。
19.	Jackson. John E.(1975)。Issues, Party Choices, and Presidential Votes。American Journal of Political Science，19(2)，161-185。
20.	Kinder, Donald R.(1978)。Political Person Perception: The Asymmetrical Influence of Sentiment and Choice on Perceptions of Presidential Candidates。Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，36(8)，859-871。
21.	Markus, Gregory B.(1982)。Political Attitudes during an Election Year: A Report on the 1980 NES Panel Study。American Political Science Review，76(3)，538-560。
22.	Miller, Arthur H.、Wattenberg, Martin P.、Malanchuk, Oksana(1986)。Schematic Assessments of Presidential Candidates。American Political Science Review，80(2)，521-540。
23.	Page, Benjamin I.、Jones, Calvin C.(1979)。Reciprocal Effects of Policy Preferences, Party Loyalties and the Vote。American Political Science Review，73(4)，1071-1089。
24.	Rahn, Wendy M.、Kronsnick, Jon A.、Breuning, Marijke(1994)。Rationalization and Derivation Processes in Survey Studies of Political Candidate Evaluation。American Journal of Political Science，38，582-600。
25.	Schulman, Mark A.、Pomper, Gerald M.(1975)。Variability in Electoral Behavior: Longitudinal Perspectives from Causal Modeling。American Journal of Political Science，19(1)，1-18。
26.	Pierce, Patrick A.(1993)。Political Sophistication and the Use of Candidate Traits in Candidate Evaluation。Political Psychology，14(1)，1-21。
27.	Shanks, J. Merrill、Miller, Warren E.(1991)。Partisanship, Policy and Performance: The Reagan Legacy in the 1988 Election。British Journal of Political Science，21，129-197。
28.	Zaller, John R.、Feldman, Stanley(1992)。A Simple Theory of the Survey Response: Answering Questions versus Revealing Preferences。American Journal of Political Science，36(3)，579-616。

會議論文
1.	Brady, H. E.、Hagen, M. G.(1986)。The 'Horse-race' or the issues? What do voters learn from Presidential Primaries?。The Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association。Washington, DC。
2.	Funk, Carolyn(1994)。Understanding the Importance and Structure of Trait Inference in Candidate Images。The Conference on Candidate Evaluation, Berkeley, sponsored by the National Election Studies，(會議日期: 1994/12/02-12/03)。
3.	Kagay, Michael R.、Caldeira, Greg A.(1975)。I Like the Looks of His Face: Elements of Electoral Choice, 1952-1972。The annual meeting of the American Political Science Association。San Francisco。

圖書
1.	Niemi, Richard G.、Weisberg, Herbert F.(1976)。Controversies in American Voting Behavior。San Francisco：W. H. Freeman and Company。
2.	Nie, Norman H.、Verba, Sidney、Petrocik, John R.(1979)。The Changing American Voter。Cambridge, MA：Harvard University Press。
3.	Kelley, Stanley(1983)。Interpreting Elections。Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press。
4.	Patterson, Thomas E.(1980)。The Mass Media Election: How Americans Choose Their Presidents。New York, NY：Praeger。
5.	Fiorina, Morris P.(1981)。Retrospective Voting in American National Elections。New Haven：London：Yale University Press。
6.	Kessel, John H.(1992)。Presidential Campaign Politics。Pacific Grove, CA：Brooks/Cole。
7.	Page, Benjamin I.(1978)。Choices and Echoes in Presidential Elections。Chicago：University of Chicago Press。
8.	Smith, Eric R. A. N.(1989)。The Unchanging American Voter。University of California Press。
9.	Miller, Warren E.、Shanks, J. Merrill(1996)。The New American Voter。Cambridge, MA：Harvard University Press。
10.	Campbell, Angus、Converse, Philip E.、Miller, Warren E.、Stokes, Donald E.(1960)。The American Voter。The University of Chicago Press。

圖書論文
1.	Kinder, Donald R.(1986)。Presidential Character Revisited。Political Cognitions。Hillsdale, N. J.：Lawrence Erlbaum Press。
2.	Lau, Richard R.(1986)。Political Schemata, Candidate Evaluations and Voting Behavior。Politica Cogniton。Hillsdale, NJ：Eribaum。
3.	Dilulio, John J. Jr.(1997)。Valence Voters, Valence Victors。The Elections of 1996。Congressional Quarterly Press。
4.	Kinder, Donald R.、Sears, David O.(1985)。Public Opinion and Political Action。Handbook of Political Psychology。Reading, Mass：Addison-Wesley。
5.	Brady, H. E.、Johnston, R.(1987)。What's the Primary Message: Horse Race or Issue Journalism。Media and Momentum: The New Hampshire Primary and Nomination Politics。Chatham, NJ。
6.	Rumelhart, David E.、Ortony, Andrew(1977)。The representation of knowledge in memory。Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge。Hillsdale, NJ：Lawrence Erlbaum。
7.	Converse, Philip E.(1964)。The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics。Ideology and Discontent。Free Press。

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