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題名:產品責任、企業社會責任偏好與供應鏈中的質量-數量協調
書刊名:中國管理科學
作者:范建昌倪得兵唐小我洪定軍
出版日期:2019
卷期:2019(1)
頁次:85-98
主題關鍵詞:供應鏈產品質量產品責任企業社會責任Supply chainProduct qualityProduct liabilityCorporate social responsibility
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在產品質量和產品數量(訂貨量)內生化的情形下,同時實現其質量和數量的協調將成為供應鏈管理的一個重要問題。進一步,在產品低質量對消費者造成傷害的情形下,制造商將面臨著產品責任(表征制造商對消費者產品傷害的補償),從而導致"產品責任如何影響供應鏈中的質量-數量協調"這一問題。最后,如果核心企業具有對消費者的企業社會責任(CSR)偏好,則這種CSR偏好又如何影響供應鏈中的質量-數量協調?針對這三個問題,首先,利用批發價合同構建了一個由上游制造商和下游零售商組成的兩級供應鏈運作博弈模型;其次考察了制造商產品責任、CSR偏好程度和質量改進效率對其產品質量決策、批發價合同和相應的供應鏈節點企業利潤的影響;最后,研究了供應鏈質量-數量協調問題。結果表明:(1)產品責任不影響產品質量、訂貨量、供應鏈節點企業經濟利潤和消費者剩余,但制造商批發價隨產品責任的增加而增加;(2)隨著CSR偏好程度的增加,產品質量、訂貨量、零售商經濟利潤、供應鏈系統經濟利潤和消費者剩余隨之增加,而制造商經濟利潤隨之減小;(3)質量改進效率的提高,有利于產品質量、訂貨量、零售商經濟利潤、供應鏈系統經濟利潤和消費者剩余的增加;(4)一個由數量折扣契約和質量改進成本分擔契約共同構成的協調機制,可以有效的實現供應鏈系統的協調,其中,產品責任將促使數量折扣契約中產品批發價的增加和質量改進成本分擔比例的減小,而CSR偏好程度的增加將促使數量折扣契約中產品批發價的減小,但不影響質量改進成本分擔比例。
When product quality and product quantity(ordering quantity)are endogenous,how to achieve the quality-quantity coordination becomes an important question in supply chain management.Further,given that low-quality products usually cause harm to consumers and product liability regulations often require the manufacturer to compensate for consumers’ losses,there arises another question of how product liability affects the quality-quantity coordination mechanism for supply chain members.Finally,if the focal firm in a supply chain is equipped with a corporate social responsibility(CSR)preference on consumer surplus,then how does the CSR preference affect the quality-quantity coordination?Focusing on these three questions,a two-stage game model is built to describe the operations of a supply chain where an upstream manufacturer and a downstream retailer conduct their product transaction via a wholesale price contract.In this model,it is assumed that the product is an experience good and may be in two different ex ante(before sales)quality states:high and low.The true quality level can not be observed by the consumers before sales,but after sales the consumers can learn.A low-quality product may cause harm to consumers.If the quality state is ex post(after sales)realized as low,the manufacturer chooses to recall(and remedy)the low-quality product or compensate for the consumers’ losses according to some product liability regulations.On the other hand,the manufacturer can also choose to improve the quality level ex ante to reduce the probability for the low quality state to occur.Finally,it is assumed that the manufacturer,as the focal firm,is equipped with a CSR preference which is represented by the degree to which the manufacturer cares about consumer surplus.The decision sequence is as follows.Firstly,the manufacturer decides its product quality level and offers a wholesale price contract to the retailer.Secondly,the retailer decides its ordering quantity.Finally,the retailer sells the product to consumers in the final market.With this model,how the product liability,the CSR preference and the quality improvement efficiency affect the manufacturer’s product quality choice,the contract relationship between the manufacturer and the retailer,the supply chain members’ profitability and the consumer surplus are investigated.A quality-quantity coordination contract is also developed and the impacts of the product liability and the CSR preference on the quality-quantity coordination contract are discussed.The main results are as follows.(1)Product liability does not affect the manufacturer’s quality choice,the ordering quantity,the supply chain members’ economic profits and the consumer surplus,but raises the wholesale price.(2)A higher level of the manufacturer’s CSR preference leads to a higher level of product quality,a higher ordering quantity,a higher economic profit for the retailer and a higher level of consumer surplus,but a lower economic profit for the manufacturer.(3)The quality improvement efficiency helps to enhance the product quality level,the ordering quantity,the retailer’s economic profit,the supply chain total economic profit and the consumer surplus.(4)A proper combination of a quality improvement cost sharing contract and a quantity discount contract can effectively coordinate the operations of the supply chain.(5)Product liability raises the quantity discount,but decreases the retailer’s share of the quality-improvement cost;on the other hand,the degree of the manufacturer’s CSR preference has anegative impact on the quantity discount,but has no impact on the retailer’s share of the quality-improvement cost.In this research,firstly,a theoretical rationale is furnished to understand the effects of product liability,the manufacturer’CSR preference and the quality improvement efficiency on the product quality decision,the product-transacting contract and the corresponding supply chain members’ profitability.Secondly,the quality-quantity coordination contract provides a benchmark to coordinate supply chains operated under different product liabilities.Finally,the theoretical rationale and the coordination contract framework can provide practitioners with useful insight to deal with product-harm crises.
 
 
 
 
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