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題名：島嶼環境變遷研究-金門島地景型塑與轉化分析
作者：蔡慧敏
作者(外文)：Huei-Min Tsai
校院名稱：國立臺灣大學
系所名稱：地理學研究所
指導教授：姜蘭虹
學位類別：博士
出版日期：1999
主題關鍵詞：島嶼；地景；干擾；環境變遷；人類驅動力；island；landscape；disturbance；environmental change；human driving forces
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國立台灣大學地理學研究所
八十七學年度第二學期博士論文
研究生：蔡慧敏
島嶼環境變遷研究
─金門島地景型塑與轉化分析
摘 要
「人與環境」相互關係之研究，是地理學領域中重要研究範疇之一。地理學者們認為，在當代全球環境變遷研究中，應重視全球變遷的過程，並非全球一致，不同地區有不同的經驗。要了解環境動態變遷趨勢及其影響作用，應先進行區域及地方性之長時期環境變遷研究，才能累積經驗作為環境預測與監測之依據。在各類型地理區域中，「島嶼」具有面積小、相對隔離之地理位置、脆弱的生態體系、獨特的人類文化軌跡、極易受外來干擾而變化等特質，是一個值得作為「人與環境」互動關係之研究對象。
本研究探討影響島嶼環境變遷之一般性趨勢及研究個案之特殊歷史經驗。研究個案選擇位於大陸福建東南沿海廈門灣內之金門島為實例，探討自漢民族移居該島嶼後，近一千七百年間，此一長時期在不同類型人類活動干擾下之島嶼，其環境變遷之軌跡為何，有哪些內在及外加因素型塑了島上之地景？地景之型塑與轉化對生態環境有何影響？對島上居民之影響又為何？並企圖由此一個案所呈現的「人與環境」長時期動態變遷軌跡與經驗，作為省思島嶼永續性發展之基礎。
研究方法上，本研究以地景的型塑與轉化過程為環境變遷之基礎，應用「地景形態學」文化地景型塑過程研究與環境變遷研究學域所提出之「人類驅動力」（human driving forces）之概念，作為研究與分析之基礎，並應用生態原理詮釋地景變遷對島嶼自然環境之影響。在資料收集部份，對於歷史時期之環境，沿用歷史地理學方法，經由史籍、古圖籍、及文獻資料重構歷史地景；對於較近代的環境變遷過程，除了現地環境勘查外，並輔以深度訪查，以藉助於居民之實際經驗。在時間尺度上，則依島上特殊歷史事件而造成產業／土地利用轉折的時間為序列，分為八個時期討論。
由金門島個案經驗研究，本研究提出「島嶼環境變遷影響模式」，指出島外政治社會及經濟變化之影響，為轉化島嶼地景之最大驅動力；經由外部區域加入之干擾，影響土地利用方式之轉變，再造成土地覆蓋或地景結構之改變，並進而影響島內生態環境狀態。研究結果亦顯示，金門島曾歷經荒漠化過程，也在近五十年內因積極造林及人為干擾因素之改變，而使島嶼生態局部復甦。本研究並呼應島嶼生態系為「人類生態系」之觀點，在面積狹小之島嶼區域內，人與環境相互依存，增加物種定居之「生態機會」，亦是增加適合人類居住環境之機會。
關鍵詞：島嶼、地景、干擾、環境變遷、人類驅動力
The Changing Island Environment
-An Analysis of Landscape Transformation on Kinmen Island, Taiwan
Huei-min Tsai
Department of Geography, National Taiwan University
ABSTRACT
The study of human relationship to the environment is one of the major traditions of geography. Many geographers pointed out that the current research on global environmental change have shown that global trends in environmental change is not uniformly across the earth; different regions have different experiences. Hence, the regional studies are essential to the understanding of human relationship to our global environment. Among various geographic regions, islands are particularly valuable for studying the interrelationship between man and its environment due to their special characters, such as relatively small area, isolated location, vulnerable ecosystem, unique culture, and faster response to the external disturbances.
In this dissertation, I study Kinmen Island as a case to reflect the effects of human activities in changing island’s environment at landscape level. The Kinmen Island is a small island located in the Shamen Bay, southeast coast of Mainland China. This island has provided a long term development experience due to its location and unique historical situation. Therefore, the goals for this study are (1) to find the trajectory of the formation and transformation of the island’s landscape by re-constructing its historical landscape since Chinese people immigrated to the island from Mainland about 1,700 years ago; (2) to analyze the main driving forces to the transformation of the landscape; and (3) to understand their impacts to the island’s natural environment.
The methodology of this study is based on the Turner’s concepts of human driving forces on environmental changes and the Sauer’s conceptual model for the morphology of landscape. By using techniques of historical geography, the data for re-constructing historical landscape are documented mainly from ancient archives and maps, while the recent data are collected from field works and interviews. The time scale in this study span 1,700 years and is divided into eight stages in accordance with the events which had significant impacts on transforming landscape.
From this study, I developed a conceptual model to interpret the human dimensions of island environmental change. It is shown that although the direct forces to the transformation of landscape are from the change of land use in the island, the major human driving forces for this change is directly influenced from outside, namely, by the change of the political, social and economic status from Mainland or Taiwan. It is also shown that although this island has been experienced a process of desertification since the fourteenth century due to deforestation and various human disturbances from Mainland, it has also been experienced a process of natural restoration in some areas due to the intensive afforestation and man-made isolation in the past 50 years. In addition, the environmental lessons from this study support the view point of “island ecosystem is a human ecosystem”. Living in island, human has to be aware of his close relationship to the nature environment because of its small space and limited supporting resources .
Key Words: island, landscape, disturbance, environmental change, human driving forces.
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