臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫系統

:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
第 1 筆 / 總合 1 筆   第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁
/1頁
題名：環境議題之比較社經風險分析及其健康風險共同因素探索－以台灣專家認知為例
作者：簡慧貞
作者(外文)：Hui-Chen Chien
校院名稱：國立交通大學
系所名稱：經營管理研究所
指導教授：丁承
學位類別：博士
出版日期：1999
主題關鍵詞：集群分析；共同因素；比較風險分析；環境議題；因素分析；重複測度分析；風險管理；風險認知；cluster analysis；common factor；comparative risk analysis；environmental issues；factor analysis；repeated measures analysis；risk management；risk perception
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
相關次數：
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:0
比較風險分析（comparative risk analysis）最先係由美國環保署所提出，用以評估環境問題潛在健康、生態風險及對社會經濟之衝擊，並應用在環境問題風險排序上，以作為解決環境問題優先度之參考。然而，傳統比較風險分析之排序方法，並未處理不同序位間之環境議題是否存在顯著差異的問題，故而影響資源分配之效益。為有效解決此一問題，本研究首先構建一比較風險分析研究模式，並應用此模式進行社會、經濟層面之比較風險分析實證研究。該模式由輸入、處理及輸出三階段組成，輸入階段包括環境議題與評估指標之界定以及風險認知資料收集；處理階段係利用重複測度分析與集群分析為環境議題之風險大小差異作檢定與分類；輸出階段則就分類結果進行風險大小排序。比較社會經濟風險實證結果顯示，環境議題之風險差異確因不同之評估指標而產生變化，排序結果已藉由圖表呈現。
由於環境議題造成之健康風險較其它二項衝擊更易被感受到且是最切身的問題，為更有效益地降低我國環境議題造成之健康危害，本研究第二部分由健康風險之相關性著手，試圖找出相關性高環境議題之共同因素，以便針對共同因素提出改善策略，這部分的實證研究是基於專家認知資料，以探索性因素分析獲取共同因素，並以文獻為依據進行致因探討。結果顯示，二十一項環境議題之共同因素，可歸納為環境基礎建設與管理不健全、空氣相關之議題、人類誘發之自然生態系統破壞、溫室氣體之排放、風險規避意識之缺乏及水資源管理不善。在風險管理上，我們建議針對此六項環境議題共同因素提出改善策略以獲取較佳之成效。
Comparative risk analysis is an evaluation process involving the relative ranking of specific environmental issues based on their estimated risk to human health, ecology and quality of life. In 1987, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted the first comparative risk evaluation. However, the conventional approach of comparative risk analysis does not check if there exist significant differences among environmental issues and therefore resources cannot be effectively allocated. To deal with this shortcoming, we attempt to provide an effective statistical model for analyzing environmental issues and apply the model to an empirical study of comparative socioeconomic risk in Taiwan. The proposed statistical model consists of three stages: input, process and output. In the input stage, environmental issues whose perceived risks are to be compared need to be first identified. Evaluative criteria and other potential moderator variables also need to be determined. Then risk perception data are collected. In the process stage, two statistical methods, repeated measures analysis and cluster analysis, are used. Repeated measures analysis is used to test if risk difference will be affected by evaluative criteria and/or other moderator variables and if risk difference is significant. Cluster analysis is used to group environmental issues in such a way that environmental issues within a cluster have similar degree of perceived risks and different clusters of environmental issues have significantly different degree of perceived risks. Finally, in the output stage, risk-based priority setting is made for clusters obtained. The empirical results indicate that selected impact areas do affect relative risk differences among 24 environmental issues, and the difference is significant for each area. The rankings of 24 environmental issues are reported.
Health risks are thought to have the most direct threat to human beings. To reduce health risks more effectively, we attempt to identify intercorrelated environmental risks based on experts’ perceptions and then explore their common factors. The common factors have been identified by using exploratory factor analysis with literature support. They are unsound environmental infrastructure and management, airborne issues, human-induced damage of natural ecosystem, greenhouse gases, lack of risk-avoidance sense, and lack of water resources management. In risk management, attention should be directed to these underlying dimensions so that environmental issues could be handled more effectively and economically. The approach presented and the findings of the study may provide some guidelines for risk management.
[1]王俊秀（民88），「環境公民與社會足跡─環境社會學的永續發展觀」，社會文化學報，8，31-45。
[2]中央研究院民族學研究所（民80），電力設施社會經濟影響研究—社會經濟影響評估方法與準則之建立，台灣電力公司研究計畫報告。
[3]中華民國（民86），廢棄物清理法。
[4]行政院研究發展考核委員會（民80），社會科學人才名錄。
[5]行政院衛生署（民85），中華民國公共衛生概況。
[6]行政院環境保護署（民82），空氣污染防制法施行細則。
[7]行政院環境保護署（民83a），有害事業廢棄物認定標準。
[8]行政院環境保護署（民83b），有害空氣污染物排放管制規範研訂計畫。
[9]行政院環境保護署（民85），中華民國台灣地區環境資訊。
[10]行政院環境保護署（民87a），噪音管制法草案。
[11]行政院環境保護署（民87b），土壤污染防治法草案。
[12]行政院環境保護署（民87c），台灣地區重要環保統計資料。
[13]胡幼慧、毛義方（民69），「公害社區居民之自覺健康風險」，衛生教育雜誌，11，1-16。
[14]胡幼慧、毛義方、吳佩瑜（民80），「林園事件之差異性社會反應研究」，中華民國第一屆環境教育學術論文集，119-136。
[15]楊國樞、文崇一、吳聰賢、李亦園（民78），社會及行為科學研究法（第十三版），東華書局。
[16]經濟部工業局（民85），中華民國84年工業發展年鑑。
[17]蕭新煌（民75），「新環境範型與社會變遷：台灣民眾環境價值的初探」，台灣大學社會學刊，18，81-134。
[18]Acar, Y. B. and Zappi, M. (1995), “Infrastructural Needs in Waste Containment and Environmental Restoration,” Journal of Infrastructure System , June, 82-91.
[19]Arendt, J. S., Bridges, W. G., Nawrocki, D. F., Walker, D. A. and Williams, T. R. (1993), “Making Sure Accidents Don''t Happen,” Chemical Engineering , 100, 90-100.
[20]Barnthouse, L. W. (1994), “Issues in Ecological Risk Assessment: The CRAM Perspective,” Risk Analysis , 14, 251-256.
[21]Bates, M. H. and Shelton, S. P. (1989), “Environmental Engineering Infrastructure: Problems and Needs,” Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering , 115, 19-28.
[22]Bontempo, R. N., Bottom, W. P. and Weber, E. U. (1997), “Cross-Cultural Differences in Risk Perception: A Model-Based Approach ,” Risk Analysis , 17(4), 479-488.
[23]Brand, K. P. and Small, M. J. (1995), “Updating Uncertainty in an Integrated Risk Assessment: Conceptual Framework and Methods,” Risk Analysis ,15, 719-731.
[24]Brocard D. and Hagger, C. (1990), “Making Groundwater Safe to Drink,” WATER/Engineering & Management , 137, 28-31.
[25]Bryan, Jr., L. A. (1990), “Creating a Checklist for Safety,” Supervisory Management , 35, 11-12.
[26]Buzby, J. C., Fox, J. A., Ready, R. C. and Crutchfield, S. R. (1998), “Measuring Consumer Benefits of Food Safety Risk Reductions,” Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics , 30, 69-82.
[27]Clay, D. R. (1991), “Synthesis of Conference on Minimizing Environmental Damage: Strategies for Managing Hazardous Waste,” Risk Analysis , 11(1), 107-109.
[28]Cole, G. A. and Withey, S. B. (1981), “Perspectives on Risk Perception,” Risk Analysis , 1(2), 143-163.
[29]Crawford, J. (1997), “Comparative Risk Projects and Their Effects on Decision Making,” Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum, 8, 47-68.
[30]Cudeck, B. and O''Dell, L. L. (1994), “Applications of Standard Error Estimates in unrestricted Factor Analysis: Significance Tests for Fator Loadings and Correlations,” Psychological Bulletin, 115(3), 475-487.
[31]Driver, J. H., Ginevan, M. E. and Whitmyre, G. K. (1996), “Estimation of Dietary Exposure to Chemicals: A Case Study Illustrating Methods of Distributional Analyses for Food Consumption Data,” Risk Analysis , 16, 763-771.
[32]Fang, S. H. and Chen, H. W. (1996), “Air Quality and Air Control in Taiwan,” Atmospheric Environment , 30, 735-741.
[33]Fife-Schaw, C. and Rowe, G. (1996), “Public Perceptions of Everyday Food Hazards: A Psychometric Study,” Risk Analysis, 16, 487-500.
[34]Fisher, A. (1991), “Risk Communication Challenges,” Risk Analysis , 11(2), 173-178.
[35]Gardner, G. T. and Gould L. C. (1989), “Public Perceptions of the Risks and Benefits of Technology,” Risk Analysis , 9(2), 225-242.
[36]Garrick, B. J. (1998), “Technological Stigmatism, Risk Perception, and Truth,” Reliability Engineering and System Safety , 59, 41-45.
[37]Gregory, R. and Mendelsohn, R. (1993), “Perceived Risk, Dread and Benefits,” Risk Analysis , 13(3), 259-264.
[38]Grumbly, T. P. (1997), “Comparative Risk Analysis in the Department of Energy,” Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum , 8, 23-32.
[39]Gutenson, D. (1997), “Comparative Risk: What Makes A Successful Project?,” Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum , 8, 69-80.
[40]Hair, J. F. Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. and Black, W. C. (1998), Multivariate Data Analysis, 5th edition.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
[41]Hammitt, J. K. (1997a), “Comparative Risk Analysis: An Informal Survey of Experts,” Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum , 8, 133-150.
[42]Hammitt, J. K. (1997b), “Improving Comparative Risk Analysis,” Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum , 8, 81-100.
[43]Harwell, M. A., Cooper, W. and Flaak, R. (1992), “Prioritizing Ecological and Human Welfare Risks From Environmental Stress,” Environmental Management , 16, 451-464.
[44]Heinzmann B. and Sarfert, F. (1995), “An Integrated Water Management Concept to Ensure a Safe Water Supply and High Drinking Water Quality on an Ecologically Sound Basis,” Water Science and Technology , 31, 281-291.
[45]Holtgrave, D. R. and Weber, E. U. (1993), “Dimensions of Risk Perception for Financial and Health Risks,” Risk Analysis , 13(5), 553-558.
[46]Horowitz, J. K. and Carson, R. T. (1993), “Baseline Risk and Preference for Reductions in Risk-to Life,” Risk Analysis , 13(4), 457-462.
[47]Houthoofd, J. M. (1995), “Pollution Prevention Applications in Construction and Water Resource Management,” Environmental Progress , 14, 254-260.
[48]Howell, B. G. (1996), “Safety: Never Enough, Never Too Much,” Landscape Management , 35, 24-25.
[49]Hsu, S. H. and Mumme S. P.(1997), “Water Resource Protection in Taiwan: An Evaluation of the Taipei Water Management Commission,” Environmental Management , 21(6), 841-850.
[50]IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (1996), Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[51]Jasanoff, S. (1998), “The Political Science of Risk Perception,” Reliability Engineering and System Safety , 59, 91-99.
[52]Johnson, B. B. and Slovic, P. (1995), “Presenting Uncertainty in Health Risk Assessment: Initial Studies of Its Effects on Risk Perception and Trust,” Risk Analysis , 15, 485-494.
[53]Johnson, R. A. and Wichern, D. W. (1992), Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis, 3rd edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
[54]Jones, K. (1997), “Can Comparative Be Used to Develop Better Environmental Decisions?,” Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum , 8, 33-46.
[55]Kononen, D. W. and Schwing, R. C. (1991), “Comments on Background Exposure to Chemicals: What Is the Risk?,” Risk Analysis , 11(3), 375-376.
[56]Kowalok, M. E. (1993), “Research Lessons from Acid Rain, Ozone Depletion, and Global Warming,” Environment , 35, 13-38.
[57]Kraus, N. N. and Slovic, P. (1988), “Taxonomic Analysis of Perceived Risk: Modeling Individual and Group Perceptions within Homogeneous Hazard Domains,” Risk Analysis , 8, 435-455.
[58]Laflen, J. M., Lane, L. J. and Foster, G. R. (1991), “WEPP: A New Generation of Erosion Prediction Technology,” Journal of Soil and Water Conservation , January-February, 34-38.
[59]Lake, E. B. and Shady, A. M. (1993), “Erosion Reaches Crisis Proportions,” Agricultural Engineering , 74, 8-13.
[60]LaTour, S. A. and Miniard, P. W. (1983), “The Misuse of Repeated Measures Analysis in Marketing Research,” Journal of Marketing Research , 20, 45-57.
[61]Levine, T. E. (1992), “Assessment and Communication of Risks from Pesticide Residues in Food,” Food and Drug Law Journal , 47, 207-214.
[62]Limoges, C., Cambrosio, A., and Davignon, L. (1995), “Plurality of World, Plurality of Risk,” Risk Analysis , 15, 699-707.
[63]Looney, S. W. and Stanley, W. B. (1989), “Exploratory Repeated Measures Analysis for Two or More Groups — Review and Update,” The American Statistician , 43, 220-225.
[64]Lu, A. Y. (1990), “Economic Perspective of Environmental Pollution — the Case of Taiwan,” Taipei Economic Inquiry , 30, 177-201.
[65]McDaniels, T., Axelrod, L. J. and Slovic, P. (1995), “Characterizing Perception of Ecological Risk,” Risk Analysis , 15(5), 575-588.
[66]Naugle, D. F. and Pierson, T. K. (1991), “A Framework for Risk Characterization of Environmental Pollutants,” Journal of Air and Waste Management Association , 41, 1298-1307.
[67]Nunnally, J. C. (1978), Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, p.241.
[68]O''Brien, R. G. and Kaiser, M. K. (1985), “MANOVA Method for Analyzing Repeated Measures Designs: an Extensive Primer,” Psychological Bulletin , 97, 316-333.
[69]Okrent, D. (1998), “Risk Perception and Risk Management: on Knowledge, Resource Allocation and Equity,” Reliability Engineering and System Safety , 59, 17-25.
[70]Okrent, D. and Pidgeon, N. (1998), “Risk Perception versus Risk Analysis,” Reliability Engineering and System Safety , 59, 1-4.
[71]Patz, J. A., Epstein, P. R., Burke, T. A. and Balbus, J. M. (1996), “Global Climate Change and Emerging Infectious Diseases,” Journal of the American Medical Association , 275, 217-223.
[72]Pidgeon, N. (1998), “Risk Assessment, Risk Values and the Social Science Programme: Why We Do need Risk Perception Research,” Reliability Engineering and System Safety , 59, 5-15.
[73]Raats, M. M. and Shepherd, R. (1996), “Developing a Subject-Derived Terminology to Describe Perceptions of Chemical in Food,” Risk Analysis 16, 133-146.
[74]Rau, J. G. (1980), “Socioeconomic Impact Analysis,” in J. G. Rau and D. C. Wooten (eds.) Environmental Impact Analysis Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, chap.2.
[75]Rayner, S. and Cantor, R. (1987), “How fair Is Safe Enough? The Cultural Approach to Societal Technology Choice,” Risk Analysis 7(1), 3-9.
[76]Renn, O. (1998), “The Role of Risk Perception for Risk Management ,” Reliability Engineering and System Safety , 59, 49-62.
[77]Rogers, G. O. (1997), “The Dynamics of Risk Perception: How Does Perceived Risk Respond to Risk Events ? ,” Risk Analysis , 17(6), 745-757.
[78]Rowlands, I. H. (1993), “The Fourth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol: Report and Reflection” . Environment ,35, 25-34.
[79]Russell, M. and Gruber, M. (1987), “Risk Assessment in Environmental Policy-Making,” Science , 236, 286-290.
[80]Savage, I. (1993), “Demographic Influences on Risk Perceptions,” Risk Analysis , 13(4), 413-420.
[81]Scherer, C. W. (1991), “Strategies for Communicating Risks to The Public,” Food Technology , October, 110-116.
[82]Slovic, P. (1987), “Perception of Risk,” Science , 236, 280-285.
[83]Slovic, P. (1993), “Perceived Risk, Trust, and Democracy,” Risk Analysis , 13, 675-682.
[84]Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B. and Lichtenstein, S. (1982), “Why Study Risk Perception?,” Risk Analysis , 2(2), 83-93.
[85]Slovic, P., MacGregor, D. and Kraus, N. N. (1987), “Perception of Risk from Automobile Safety Defects,” Accident Analysis and Prevention , 19, 359-373.
[86]Somers, E. (1995), “Perspectives on Risk Management,” Risk Analysis , 15, 677-684.
[87]Sparks, P. and Shepherd, R. (1994), “Public Perceptions of the Potential Hazards Associated with Food Production and Food Consumption: An Empirical Study,” Risk Analysis , 14(5), 799-806.
[88]Thompson, R., Templet, P. H., Gamman, J. K., McCleary, S. C. and Reams, M. A. (1994), “A Process for Incorporating Comparative Risk into Environmental Policymaking in Louisiana,” Risk Analysis , 14(5), 857-861.
[89]Thurstone, L. L. (1938), Primary Mental Abilities (Psychometric Monograph No. 1), University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
[90]Tonderski, A. (1996), “Landuse-based Nonpoint Source Pollution. A Threat to Water Resources in Developing Countries,” Water Science and Technology , 33, 53-61.
[91]Travis, C. C. and Morris, J. M. (1992), “The Emergence of Ecological Risk Assessment,” Risk Analysis, 12(2), 167-168.
[92]UN (United Nations) (1992), Framework Convention on Climate Change, IUCC/UNEP, Geneva.
[93]UN (United Nations) (1997), Kyoto Protocol to the Untied Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.1
[94]UNEP/WMO (United Nations Environment Programme / World Meteorological Organization), Information Unit on Climate Change. (1992), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Switzerland.
[95]U.S.EPA. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (1986), “Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment,” Federal Register , 51, 32992-34003.
[96]U.S.EPA. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (1987a.), Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986, EPA/600/8-87/045. Washington, D.C.
[97]U.S.EPA. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (1987b.), Unfinished Business: A Comparative Assessment of Environmental Problems Overview Report. Washington, D.C.
[98]U.S.EPA. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (1990), Reducing Risk: Setting Priorities and Strategies for Environmental Protection. Washington, D.C.
[99]U.S.EPA. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (1991), “Guidelines for Developmental Toxicity Risk Assessment,” Federal Register , 56, 63798-63826.
[100]U.S.EPA. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (1992), “Guidelines for Exposure Assessment,” Federal Register , 57, 22888-22938.
[101]U.S.EPA. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency),. (1993), A Guidebook to Comparing Risks and Setting Environmental Priorities. Washington D.C.
[102]U.S.EPA. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency),. (1999), Reinventing Environmental Protection. --http://www.epa.gov/reivent.
[103]U.S. Vermont Agency of Nature Resources. (1991), Environment 1991: Risks to Vermont and Vermonters.Waterbury, VT.
[104]van Veen, M. P. (1996), “A General Model for Exposure and Uptake from Consumer Products,” Risk Analysis , 16, 331-338.
[105]Weber, E. U. and Millimam, R. A. (1997), “Perceived Risk Attitudes: Relating Risk Perception to Risky Choice,” Management Science, 43(2), 123-144.
[106]Weinstein, N. D. and Sandman (1993), “Some Criteria for Evaluating Risk Messages,” Risk Analysis, 13(1), 103-114.
[107]Williams, M. E. (1991), “Strategies for Managing Present and Future Wastes,” Risk Analysis , 11(1), 75-80.
[108]Zhang, J. G. (1994), “Environmental Hazard in the Chinese Public''s Eyes,” Risk Analysis, 14(2), 163-167.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
QR Code
QRCODE

臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫

目前上線人數：435（臺灣：422，外國：13） ／ 本年度總使用人次：1951065 ／ 訪客人次（自102年09月）：67754915
國家圖書館著作權聲明 Copyright © 2013 All rights reserved.
本館地址: 100201臺北市中山南路20號． 本館地圖及交通資訊．
總機：(02)23619132．最佳瀏覽解析度為1024x768以上