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題名：審計集中度、業務多角化與經營績效關係之研究－結構、行為與績效模型之應用
作者：李家琪
作者(外文)：Chia-Chi Lee
校院名稱：雲林科技大學
系所名稱：管理研究所博士班
指導教授：張文瀞
陳燕錫
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2006
主題關鍵詞：審計集中度；市場競爭；業務多角化；經營績效；會計師事務所；Auditor Concentration；Market Competition；Business Diversification；Performance；Public Accounting Firms；Structure-Conduct-Performance Paradigm
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本研究探討這十多年來台灣審計市場集中度的分布情況與市場結構的變化，以及從產業經濟學之結構─行為─績效理論(Structure-Conduct-Performance)的觀點，來暸解市場結構與事務所經營行為對經營績效的影響為何，資料來源取自於1992年到2003年財政部統計處之「會計師事務所服務業調查報告」普查資料庫進行分析。
研究結果顯示：首先，就市場結構之結果顯示，會計師產業仍朝向高集中度發展的局勢，整個產業不完全競爭程度愈來愈高；就各類型事務所來看，前六大、中、小型事務所有逐漸朝向均勻競爭的情形，而大型事務所不完全競爭程度愈來愈高。就各業務子市場來看，不論前六大、大、中與小型事務所皆是呈現不完全競爭的情況，但前六大事務所的競爭程度不論在審計、稅務、管理顧問、工商登記與其他執行業務等四個業務市場之下，競爭程度顯著異於其他三類型事務所，且前六大事務所的競爭程度平均來說是最高的。
其次，從各項業務比重與多角化行為的觀點來看，全體會計師事務所以稅務業務比例最高，其次是審計業務，第三是工商登記與其他執行業務，而管理顧問業務比例最低。就各類型事務所而言，前六大事務所業務重心仍放在審計業務，大型以稅務與審計業務為重心，中小型則以稅務業務為主。就事務所從事業務多角化的程度而言，前六大事務所相較於其他類型事務所會採取更高程度的業務多角化行為，而小型事務所是所有類型事務所中業務多角化程度最低者。
第三，本文運用產業經濟學之「結構-行為-績效」觀點，建立市場結構、事務所經營行為、以及事務所經營績效三者之間的關聯性迴歸模式。實證結果顯示，就整個產業觀之，事務所不完全競爭程度與事務所利潤率呈現顯著正相關，意味著當不完全競爭程度愈高時，市場愈趨於寡佔的局勢，事務所獲利能力就會增加，因此會計師事務所經營績效會愈好。業務多角化程度與利潤率亦呈顯著正相關，亦即事務所採取業務多角化的行為可以為事務所的經營績效帶來正面的幫助。
最後，探討在不同類型事務所之下，事務所競爭程度與業務多角化對績效的影響，一、就不完全競爭程度而言，在前六大、中、小型事務所之下皆與績效成顯著正相關，但大型事務所卻不顯著；二、業務多角化程度僅有在前六大與小型事務所之下達到顯著水準，但前六大為正顯著而小型為負顯著。
This study investigates the degree of Taiwan’s auditor concentration and changes in market structures for the public accounting profession during a long-term period. In order to acquire a clear knowledge of influences of market structures and accounting firms’ conduct on the performance, the structure-conduct-performance (SCP) paradigm is used. Empirical data are obtained from the 1992-2003 Survey Report of Public Accounting Firms in Taiwan, published by the Financial Supervisory Commission, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, the Republic of China.
Main findings are as follows. At first, market structure demonstrates that the public accounting profession is developing towards a high degree of concentration. In addition, for the entire industry, the degree of imperfect competition is getting higher and higher. The entire industry as well as different types of accounting firms, including big 6, large, medium and small, are all at the stage of imperfect competition. The big 6, medium and small accounting firms are moving towards perfect competition, whereas the degree of imperfect competition of large accounting firms is getting higher and higher. With the respect to business sub-markets, the big 6, large, medium and small accounting firms are all at the stage of imperfect competition, too. However, the competitive degrees in business sub-markets of big 6 accounting firms, including audit, tax, management consultancy, corporate registration and other services businesses, are apparently different from the other three types of accounting firms. In addition, the average competitive degree of big 6 accounting firms is the highest.
Second, as a percentage of total revenues, the ratio of tax business is the highest followed by audit business, corporate registration and other services, and management consultancy business. For different types of accounting firms, the big 6 accounting firms mainly focus on the audit business, large accounting firms put great importance on the tax and audit businesses, and medium and small accounting firms concentrate on the tax business. From the perspective of business diversification, compared with the other three types of accounting firms, the big 6 accounting firms are likely to engage in a higher degree of business diversification, and small accounting firms have the lowest degree of business diversification among the four types of accounting firms.
Third, by adopting the “SCP paradigm”, this study developed a regression model of relation between market structures, conduct of accounting firms and the performance. Empirical results show that, for the entire industry, the degree of imperfect competition of accounting firms is positively related to performance, indicating that the degree of imperfect competition is getting higher, the market will go towards oligopoly, which will lead to a stronger profitability and improve the performance of accounting firms. The degree of business diversification is also positively related to performance, indicating that business diversification will make a positive contribution to the performance of accounting firms.
Finally, this study further discussed the effects of competition degree and business diversification on the performance for various types of accounting firms. The results show that the degrees of imperfect competition of big 6, medium and small accounting firms are positively related to performance significantly. The association between degree of business diversification and performance is positive in big 6 but negative significantly in small accounting firms.
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