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題名：擴展交易成本理論對資訊系統委外治理之影響：醫療服務產業研究
作者：陳皇曄
作者(外文)：Hwang-Yeh Chen
校院名稱：國立東華大學
系所名稱：企業管理學系
指導教授：王淑娟
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2008
主題關鍵詞：治理模式；醫療產業；資源基礎觀點；交易成本理論；機構理論；資訊系統委外；Governance Mode；Resource-Based View；Transaction Cost Economics；Institutional Theory；Healthcare Industry；Information Systems Outsourcing
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組織藉由資訊系統委外，將內部的資訊業務委由外部服務廠商負責，組織因而可以專注在其核心的業務及活動。因此，資訊系統委外已成為組織保持競爭力的重要策略之一。雖然資訊系統委外的研究受到很多關注，但因為科技的快速進展，不斷有新的議題產生。過去資訊系統委外所根據的理論基礎多為交易成本經濟學（Transaction Cost Economics, TCE）及資源基礎觀點（Resource-based View, RBV），但兩者之間的交互影響很少被探討。事實上，組織在進行資訊系統委外決策時，多半會同時考量交易成本、風險及現有的資源與能力。另外，某些組織模式也會受到其他同類型組織所影響，通常採用機構理論（institutional theory）來解釋。本研究的目的是希望能擴展交易成本理論，加入資源基礎觀點及機構理論觀點，檢視不同委外因素及對資訊系統委外決策及治理模式的影響。
本研究選擇醫療服務產業為研究對象，因為資訊系統委外在缺乏資訊人力資源的醫院十分常見，同時資訊系統發展也受到政府法令影響。醫療產業的資訊系統委外業務已進展到十分複雜的整體醫院資訊系統，需要不同委外治理模式，以期能將組織利益最大化，並降低委外的風險。醫療產業的資訊系統委外研究，在國內外仍不多見。本研究採用個案研究方法探討資訊系統委外決策及其治理模式，針對兩家醫院進行深入訪談並收集相關資訊，進行質化研究。組織策略焦點不同，委外治理機制也有差異，本研究探討其背後動機、決策及治理的機制（程序及方法）。
研究結果發現資訊系統業務具有交易成本之資產專屬性、不確定性及交易頻率特性，資源基礎觀點之技術能力及經驗因素，會個別影響委外的決策及相關的治理模式。另外，研究也發現資產專屬性、不確定性會和技術能力產生交互作用影響委外決策，同時機構效應也會對治理模式產生影響，這是過去研究較少探討的部分。在資訊系統委外的執行階段，影響組織採取不同委外治理模式的因素為策略重要性、資訊能力、過往經驗及領導風格，特別是領導者的特性會對選擇何種治理模式產生影響。研究將個案收集的資料，結合交易成本理論、資源基礎觀點及機構理論，發展出研究架構並提出相關研究命題，作為後續實證研究的基礎。最後，針對研究結果進一步探討其管理及理論意涵、研究貢獻與限制，並建議未來研究方向。
Outsourcing becomes a basic strategy of the information systems (IS) field and is essential for organizations to stay competitive in today’s business environment. By turning over part or all of an organization’s IS functions or activities to one or more external service providers, an organization can focus more on its core competence that it do best. Although IS outsourcing phenomenon has drawn a lot of attention in academics and practice in the past two decades, new issues associated with IS outsourcing continuously emerge due to the rapid development of new information technologies and the dynamics of business environment. Both Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and Resource-based View (RBV) theories have been adopted by researchers to explain the phenomenon of IS outsourcing but the interaction of TCE variables and RBV variables are less explored. Actually, organizations often make IS outsourcing decisions by considering costs, risks and their own technological capabilities at the same time. Moreover, certain organizational patterns (i.e. the practice of IS outsourcing) are affected by peer organizations that are more legitimate or successful using institutional theory. This study aims to extend TCE theory by exploring RBV factors and institutional influences to outsourcing decisions and various governance modes in the context of IS outsourcing.
The healthcare industry is selected for this study due to the increasing demand of high quality medical services using latest information technology and the change in healthcare systems and regulations. The practice of IS outsourcing in the healthcare industry has been common because of limited financial and human resources. Various governance structures or modes are then necessary to maximize benefits and minimize risks associated with IS outsourcing. However, little research interest focuses on the evolution of outsourcing patterns in the healthcare industry. This study used the case study methodology to explore why the practice of IS outsourcing was adopted by hospitals and how various governance modes were in place to align with organization strategies. Two hospitals were selected to examine outsourcing phenomenon to generate theory about IS outsourcing decision and governance modes that lead to outsourcing success. Qualitative data were collected for the study, through interviews, annual reports, web sites, publications, and news releases.
The study explored IS outsourcing in the healthcare industry to answer the questions of why to outsource (i.e. decision phase) and how to outsource (i.e. implementation phase). In the decision phase, the study found that the factors relating to transaction costs (asset specificity, uncertainty and frequency) from TCE, resources (i.e. technological capabilities, prior experience and leadership) from RBV, and institutional influences could best explain the motivation behind the choice of outsourcing decisions and governance modes. Particularly, the interactions of technological capabilities and asset specificity as well as technological capabilities and uncertainty were important to make outsourcing decisions as frequently mentioned by the MIS directors in our case studies. The effect of interaction between the TCE and RBV variables are relatively un-explored in academic research in the past. Furthermore, institutional influences from peer hospitals and government regulations also played an important role to outsourcing decisions. In the implementation phase, RBV variables (i.e. IS capabilities, prior experience, strategy and leadership) are critical factors to explain the rationale behind the various governance modes of IS outsourcing. In fact, we found that the characteristics of leadership style had significantly affected the types of governance mode. The theoretical frameworks were developed based on the results and analysis of our case studies and the research propositions were proposed for future study. Finally, theoretical and managerial implications were presented along with research limitation and future research.
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