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題名:《哈姆雷特》之「妙」:《金剛經》與哈姆雷特的問題
作者:王思文
作者(外文):Szu-wen Wang
校院名稱:國立彰化師範大學
系所名稱:英語學系
指導教授:張水木 博士
彭輝榮 博士
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2011
主題關鍵詞:哈姆雷特解構主義道家金剛經道德經HamletDeconstructionTaoismZenDiamond SutraTao Te Ching
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本論文主要以「道」、「禪」與《金剛經》的智慧來探討莎士比亞四大悲劇之一,《哈姆雷特》之「妙」與哈姆雷特的問題。在藏文裡,「金剛」代表萬物的「潛能」,通常以「空」來表示。「道」、「禪」與《金剛經》皆強調「無名、空觀、無欲」,富涵人性。《道德經》指出:「無名為天地之始,有名為萬物之母。故常無欲以觀其妙。」《金剛經》的「般若智慧」能斷「名實」煩惱,以「空」觀達到覺悟的彼岸。本論文旨以「道」、「禪」與《金剛經》之無欲與空觀,來探討哈姆雷特的問題。
本論文共有六章。第一章是緒論,以傳統的文學批評理論來分析及概括論述《哈姆雷特》的問題,並且指出《哈姆雷特》的問題探討,就像是古希臘神話中的斯芬克斯獅身人面,永遠令人猜不透。艾略特也指出《哈姆雷特》是文學中的「蒙娜麗莎的微笑」。
第二章以西方解構主義大師德希達的哲學方式來解構閱讀《哈姆雷特》文本,探討並指出《哈姆雷特》中二元對照的問題:精神正常與發瘋、個體的自主與宗教滌罪煉獄、欲望與失落、行動與延遲。
第三章則以「道家」思想精華—老子《道德經》及莊子《相對論》來開起《哈姆雷特》的「玄妙」之門給讀者。第三章運用老子《道德經》的精神來分析主角哈姆雷特及討論《哈姆雷特》中主要的角色;接著類比莊子《與髑髏對話》萬物化生的力量與莎士比亞處理主角哈姆雷特藉由憂瑞克的頭蓋骨,進而了解萬物化生,回歸塵土,生生不滅的道理。並類比哈姆雷特的父親死後化成鬼魂與莊周夢為蝴蝶,「不知周之夢為蝴蝶與,蝴蝶之夢為周與?」周與蝴蝶則必有分矣。此之謂「物化」。「禪」覺悟萬物的「空性潛能」與「道」之「萬物化生」有異曲同工之妙。
第四章則以「禪」的精神指出「人人皆有佛性」,主角哈姆雷特的心境變化有如禪宗「公案」的「頓悟」之境。
第五章強調《金剛經》的般若智慧能斷主角哈姆雷特對「名實」執著的煩惱,以空觀達到覺悟的彼岸。我們與莎士比亞筆下的哈姆雷特都可以超脫生死與名實之苦,成為《金剛經》之「能切斷金剛者」。
第六章則結論《哈姆雷特》不再是一文學作品,是一個秘密與符號。哈姆雷特謎樣般的、獨特的、未實現的、未受限的的個性—它無所不在,卻從不透露它的秘密。本論文運用東方「道」、「禪」與《金剛經》的智慧,指出世上所有的人事物都有利有弊,有好有壞;而事實上,事物本身並沒有好壞利弊,全憑每個人看待該事物的觀點而定。這正是萬物「空性」的潛能。而這正是探究哈姆雷特的問題及《哈姆雷特》之「妙」之所在。
ABSTRACT
This dissertation is an attempt to interpret one of William Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies, Hamlet, in terms of spirits of Taoism, Zen, and Diamond Sutra, which are full of wisdom, humanity, namelessness, non-discrimination, non-attachment, non-self, non-duality, and emptiness. Clearly, Chapter One of Tao Te Ching indicates that “the nameless is the origin of heaven and earth; while naming is the origin of the myriad things,” and suggests that we should be “always desire-less with emptiness, and we’ll see the mystery.” Accordingly, the main purpose of this dissertation is to explore Hamlet’s problems and the mystery of Hamlet on the basis of ancient Oriental wisdoms of Taoism, Zen, and Diamond Sutra — namelessness and emptiness.
This dissertation consists of six chapters. Chapter one is an analysis of traditional approaches to Hamlet criticisms and a survey of Hamlet’s problems. Chapter Two is an attempt to deconstruct problems and duality in Hamlet, inclusive of Hamlet’s antithesis, purgatory, desire, delay, and problems as well as the problematic text. In Chapter Three, Lao Tzu’s Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi’s Relativism will be used to analyze Hamlet’s problems and main characters in Hamlet. Chapter Four is an attempt to associate Zen Satori with Hamlet’s development of mental processes. Subjects and spirits in both Diamond Sutra and Hamlet will be explored as well. Then, Hamlet’s most noted seven soliloquies are analyzed to indicate Hamlet’s development of mental processes. Chapter Five is an illustration of being a Diamond Cutter to illuminate Hamlet’s problems. Chapter Six wraps up the Sphinx-like Hamlet’s problems and explores the secret of Hamlet. This chapter concludes that the Oriental wisdoms of Taoism, Zen, and Diamond Sutra can open the door to our all marveling at the secret of Hamlet and Hamlet’s problems, which imply Shakespeare’s testament to our real life. The complicated mystery of Hamlet’s unfulfilled heart makes Hamlet a masterpiece with unlimited possibilities forever.
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