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題名:從國家認同到多元實用:論美國歷史保存的特質與演變
作者:杜正宇 引用關係
作者(外文):Cheng-YuTu
校院名稱:國立成功大學
系所名稱:歷史學系
指導教授:蕭瓊瑞
傅朝卿
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2015
主題關鍵詞:美國歷史保存國家認同婦女實用主義多元文化AmericaPreservationNational IdentityWomanPragmatismMulticulturalism
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自1813年美國保存費城獨立廳以降,美國的歷史保存運動已經歷了200餘年的發展。今日的美國已發展出一套實用且具彈性的歷史保存政策:如建立跨部會協調機制、規劃民眾主動提報的全國歷史建築登錄與審查系統、獎助民間保存團體、以獎勵的方式導引古蹟保存等,使歷史保存不僅引領風潮,更成為美國社會與文化重要的一環。
國家認同、婦女參與、實用主義與多元文化,共同建構了美國歷史保存的特質,這些特質來自歷史的發展及重要案例的啟發。美國建國之初,國家認同問題並未獲得解決,除了彰顯建國理念,憑弔文化資產以喚起共同記憶,亦是形塑美國國家意識的方式。一旦跨文化之間,能夠透過歷史保存,建立認同。那麼,文化地景與歷史重演就可以喚醒民眾的記憶,作為凝聚內部團結的方法。
美國建國後,對於女性角色的倡導,形成了共和國母親思想。這種結合教育、教養、母愛與愛國思想的理念,對於構成美國歷史保存之婦女參與的特質,起了重要的力量。於是,弗農山莊可謂是美國推動共和國母親思想的成果,而貝茜羅斯的傳奇更是共和國母親的代表。
18世紀末的西進運動,人們面對自然環境的考驗時,產生了許多生活經驗與求生準則,這些經驗化作西部精神,與美國立國精神、信仰文化等相互激盪,形成強調務實與效用的實用主義。實用主義展現於美國歷史保存,除了以歷史區的指定、修復工程減稅補貼等政策,以維持房屋的穩定供給外,另有建物轉變用途時的適性再利用,以及透過歷史區的指定,重振萎縮城市的繁榮。
美國是由眾多族群組成的國家,多元族群展現多元文化,但華人在美國的歷史向來有遭歧視的成份,文化差異導致融入主流社會的困難,而舊金山天使島就象徵華人的苦難遭遇。文化多樣性是人類文明持續發展的源泉,聖塔非擁有的印第安、西班牙與美國並存交融的文化,透過歷史保存,過去的殖民者與被殖民者共同珍視不同時空下的文化遺產。可見建築與族群、歷史記憶密切相關,使人們得以在政治、社會、文化的變遷中調適,並維持己身的特色。
SUMMARY
Since 1813, the earliest preservation case of Independence Hall, American preservation movement has undergone over 200 years. Today, US government develops practical and flexible historic preservation policies. These policies came from the history and significant attributes. This dissertation focus on the attributes which build today’s American preservation. The methods applied in the research are documentary analysis, professional interviews and field survey. Through the arguments and research process, the attributes of US preservation are National Identity, Woman, Pragmatism and Multiculturalism. The transitions of history and inspirations of significant cases all construct these attributes.
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僑華人歷史研究》,2003年第1期(2003)。
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學社會科學版)》,1989年第3期(1989)。
謝曉芬,《全球化衝擊-政治、經濟與文化面探討》(嘉義:南華大學亞太所碩
士論文,2002)。
顏亮一,〈全球化與在地歷史意象的建構:臺灣古蹟保存概念之形成與轉化〉,(文
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報》,第42期(2005)。
瞿茜、李其榮,〈論二戰前美國移民政策中的排外主義〉,《八桂僑刊》,2007年
第4期(2007)。
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關中,〈美國的價值觀──論「美國主義」〉,《國政研究報告:政(研)091-031號》
(2002)。

(三)報導
〈天使島揭開移民入關面紗,著書人激情對話移民後裔記《天使島》〉,《舢舨》,
第六版(2011年1月7日)。
〈美國眾多唐人街「面臨消失危險」〉,《BBC中文網》(2013年10月9日)。
〈從天使島移民拘留所到全美天使島日〉,《大底特律時報》,第625期,第七版
(2013年6月15日)。

(四)網站
〈金山天使島 移民留足跡〉(2012年5月27日),「世界新聞網」:
http://www.worldjournal.com/.
陳永昇,〈1850年—1908年舊金山的廣東會館組織與華僑社會〉(中國評論學術
出版社): http://hk.crntt.com/crn-webapp/cbspub/.
「駐美中華總會館(Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association)」:
http://www.ccbausa.org/.

二、英文
(一)檔案
American Archives, 4th Series, Vol. 6 (Boston, 1888).
City of Detroit Planning and Development Department, Detroit Historic Districts
Files: A-G, Detroit Historic District Commission Meeting Records: 2000-2012.
Gaillard Hunt, Journal of the Continental Congress, 1774-1785, Vol.18 (1780) (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1910).
Gettysburg National Military Park, Gettysburg National Military Park Files.
ICOMOS, “Nomination on the World Heritage List Review Sheet.
Independence National Historical Park, Independence National Historical Park Files.
Michigan State Government, Michigan State Housing Development Authority Files.
Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association Records.
New York State, Dept. of Public Instruction, Annual Report of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Vol.44, No.1 (1898).
USA, “WHC Nomination Documentation: Independence Hall (1979).
UNESCO, “10 Things to know about Santa Fe: UNESCO City of Crafts and Folk Art,
UNESCO City of Design, July 2009 (CLT/CEI/CID/2009/PI/128).
UNESCO, “Report of the Rapporteur on the Third Session of the World Heritage
Committee (1979).

(二)報告書
Angle Island State Park, “General Development Plan Amendment for Angle Island
Immigration Station (Sacramento: General Planning Section, California State
Parks, 2005.
California State Parks, “Angel Island State Park Interpretation Master Plan
(Sacramento: California State Parks, 2012)
City of Philadelphia, “Philadelphia’s Development Permit Review Process:
Recommendations for Reform(2010).
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, “Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields (Pennsylvania: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 2010).
Edward Limoges, “Detroit and 300 Years of Metropolitan Growth (Southeast
Michigan Council of Governments, 2001).
Fonzo, Stephen, “A Documentary and Landscape Analysis of the Buckland Mills Battlefield (Va042) (Virginia: Buckland Preservation Society, 2008).
Fort Phil Kearny/Bozeman Trail Association, “Final Technical Report (Public Version): Archeological Investigations and Landscape Analysis at the December 6th Battlefield (48SH1387).
Heritage Council of Victoria, Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Heritage: Opportunities &
Challenges (Melbourne: Heritage Council of Victoria, 2013).
Katérina Stenou, UNESCO: Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, (Paris:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2002).
Kathleen R. Georg, “Gettysburg: A Happy and Patriotic Conception (1982).
Kathleen R. Georg, “The Grand National Enterprise: The Origins of Gettysburg’s Soldier’s National Cemetery and Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association (1982).
Kristen McMasters, “Using KOCOA for a Better Understanding of the Battlefield Landscape (Washington D.C.: NPS, 2011).
National Trust for Historic Preservation, “Comments on Route 215 Draft Final Cultural Resources Investigations Fauquier County, Virginia (Washington D.C.: the Trust, 2008).
Office of International Affairs, NPS, “World Heritage in the United States of
America (2008).
Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, “Presidential Proclamation - National Angel Island Day (January 20, 2010).
Philadelphia Board of Public Education, Annual Report of the Superintendent of
Public Schools of the City of Philadelphia (1893).
Sheridan County, Wyoming, “American Battlefield Protection Program, Grant # GA-2255-06-003 (2011).
U.S. House of Representatives, “American Land Sovereignty Protection Act, Report
to the 106th Congress (1999).

(三)口述訪問
Tu, Cheng Yu, Oral Interview: Brian D. Conway, 26 July 2011.
Tu, Cheng Yu, Oral Interview: Devan Anderson, 4 Aug 2011.
Tu, Cheng Yu, Oral Interview: Elisabeth Knibbe, 5 Aug. 2011.
Tu, Cheng Yu, Oral Interview: Norman Tyler, 26 Oct. 2011.
Tu, Cheng Yu, Oral Interview: Steven Vogel, 20 July 2011.
Tu, Cheng Yu, Oral Interview: Susan McBride, 6 Aug. 2011.

(四)專書
Addie Guthrie Weaver, The Story of Our Flag, Colonial and National: with Historical Sketch of the Quakeress, Betsy Ross (Chicago: The Author, 1898).
Albert H. Tricomi, Reading Tudor-Stuart Texts Through Cultural Historicism
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996).
Alessandro Portelli, The Battle of Valle Giulia: Oral History and the Art of Dialogue (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1997).
Alessandro Portelli, The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories: Form and
Meaning in Oral History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991).
Alexander Saxton, The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement
in California (Ca: University of California Press, 1971).
Albert Boime, The Unveiling of the National Icons: A Plea for Patriotic Iconoclasm
in a Nationalist Era (Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press,
1998).
Alice E. Ingerson etc., Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing
Landscapes (University of Washington: School of American Research, 1994).
Amanda Minnie Douglas, A Little Girl in Old Philadelphia (New York: Dodd, Mead,
1899).
Amy Maria Kenyon, Dreaming Suburbia: Detroit and the Production of Postwar
Space and Culture (Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 2004).
Anna Bell Thomas, The First School Year: A Course of Study and Selection of
Teaching Material Arranged by Months, and Correlated, for Use in the First
School Year (PA: State Normal School, 1898).
Anna Coxe Toogood, Cultural Landscape Report: Independence Mall (Philadelphia: Division of History, Independence National Historical Park, 1994).
Angela Denise Dillard, Faith in the City: Preaching Radical Social Change in Detroit (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007).
Angi Ma Wong, Night of the Red Moon (Palos Verdes Estates, CA: Pacific Heritage
Books, 1995).
Ann Thompson, Whose Detroit? : Politics, Labor, and Race in a Modern American City (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004).
Anonym, Immortal Heroine that Originated the First Flag of the Union: Dedicated to the Ladies of the United States (PA: L.S. Hart, 1878).
Anonym, The Spirit of '76, Vol.6 (New York: Spirit of '76 Publishing Co., 1899).
Arnaldo Testi, Capture the Flag: the Stars and Stripes in American History (New York: NYU Press, 2010).
Arthur L. Johnson, Race and Remembrance: A Memoir (Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 2008).
Arthur M. Woodford, This is Detroit, 1701-2001: An Illustrated History (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2001).
August Meier, Elliott Rudwick, Black Detroit and the Rise of the UAW (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007).
Benedetto Croce, History as the Story of Liberty (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1941).
Bill Ong Hing, Making and Remaking Asian America Through Immigration Policy:
1850 - 1990 (Stanford, Calif., 1993).
Charles A. Birnbaum , Protecting Cultural Landscapes: Planning, Treatment and Management of Historic Landscapes (Washington D.C.: National Park Service, 1994).
Charles B. Hosmer Jr., Presence of the Past: the History of the Historic Preservation Movement in the United States before Williamsburg (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1965).
Charles E. Peterson, The Independence Historical Park Project (Philadelphia: Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, 1950).
Charles Michael Boland, Ring in the Jubilee: The Epic of America's Liberty Bell (Conn: Chatham Press, 1973).
Charles Morris, A History of the United States of America: Its People, and Its Institutions (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1897).
Charlene Mires, Independence Hall in American Memory (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002).
Clarence S. Brigham, History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820 (Worcester: American Antiquarian Society, 1947).
Charlottesville eds., Earth Patterns: Essays in Landscape Archaeology (University Press of Virginia, 1990).
Chris Wilson, The Myth of Santa Fe: Creating a Modern Regional Tradition
(Albuquerque: Uni- versity of New Mexico Press, 1997).
David Eggenberger, Flags of the U.S.A (New York: Crowell, 1964).
David Lee Poremba, Detroit: A Motor City History (Charleston: Arcadia Pub, 2001).
David Martucci, The 13 Stars and Stripes: a Survey of 18th Century Images (Washington, D.C.: North American Vexillological Association, 2000-2005).
Davis Brigham, Public Culture in the Early Republic: Peale's Museum and Its Audience (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995).
Denis Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels ed., Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography: The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments (Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge Press, 1989).
Dolores Hayden, Grand Domestic Revolution: History of Feminist Designs for American Homes, Neighbourhoods and Cities (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996).
Donald Jackson, Thomas Jefferson and the Stony Mountains: Exploring the West from
Monticello (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993).
Duncan, James S., The City as Text: The Politics of Landscape Interpretation in the Kandyan Kingdom (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
D.W. Meinig ed., The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979).
Edward Tabor Linenthal, A Joint and Precious Heritage: Gettysburg, Sacred Ground: Americans and Their Battlefields (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991).
Edward W. Richardson, Standards and Colors of the American Revolution (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982).
Elizabeth Montgomery, Reminiscences of Wilmington: in Familiar Village Tales, Ancient and New (Philadelphia: T.K. Collins, Jr., 1851).
Ellen Perry Berkeley and Matilda Mc Quaid, eds., Architecture: A Place for Women (Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989).
Elmer Clarence Sandmeyer, The Anti-Chinese Movement in California (Urbana: The
University of Illinois press, 1939).
Elswyth Thane, Mount Vernon Is Ours: The Story of Its Preservation (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1966).
Elswyth Thane, Mount Vernon, The Legacy: the Story of Its Preservation and Care Since 1885 (Mattituck, N.Y.: Aeonian Press, 1977).
Emily Katharine Ide, The History and Significance of the American Flag (Cambridge: Buntington Art Press, 1907).
Eric Evans, Women in Victorian England-Myths and Realities (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
Erika Lee and Judy Yung, Angel Island: Immigrant Gateway to American (New York:
Oxford University Press, 2010).
Eugene Zieber, Heraldry in America (Philadelphia: Department of Heraldry of the Bailey, Banks & Biddle Co., 1895).
Francis L.K. Hsu, Americans and Chinese: Two Ways of Life (New York : Henry
Schuman, 1953).
Frederick Merk, History of the Westward Movement (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978).
Fu, Chao Ching, Culture, History and Architecture (Tainan: Taiwan Architecture and Cultural Property Press, 2004).
Garry Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words that Remade American (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).
Grace A Turkington, My country, A Textbook in Civics and Patriotism for Young Americans (Boston; London: Ginn and Company, 1918).
Grace Elizabeth King, Mount Vernon on the Potomac: History of the Mount Vernon ladies' Association of the Union (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1929).
George Henry Preble, Charles Edward Asnis, Origin and History of the American Flag and of the Naval and Yacht-Club Signals, Seals and Arms, and Principal National Songs of the United States, with a Chronicle of the Symbols, Standards, Banners, and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations, Vol.1 (Philadelphia: N. L. Brown, 1917).
George Henry Preble, Our Flag (Albany: Joel Munsell, 1872).
George Dewey, Winfield Scott Schley, Joseph Wheeler, The Story of Our Wonderful Victories Told by Dewey, Schley, Wheeler, and Other Heroes: A True History of Our War with Spain by the Officers and Men of Our Army and Navy (Philadelphia: American Book and Bible House, 1899).
Harlan D. Unrau, Administrative History: Gettysburg (Pennsylvania: Gettysburg National Military Park, 1991).
Harry Clinton Green and Mary Wolcott Green, The Pioneer Mothers of America: a Record of the More Notable Women of the Early Days of the Country, and Particularly of the Colonial and Revolutionary Periods, Vol.3 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1912).
Heather Ann Thompson, Whose Detroit? : Politics, Labor, and Race in a Modern American City (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004).
Helen Hazen, “Of Outstanding Universal Value: The Challenge of Scale in Applying
the World Heritage Convention at National Parks in the US, Geoforum, Vol.39,
No.1 (2008).
Henry Cabot Lodge, The Story of the Revolution, Vol.1 (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1898).
Henry Hupfeld, Encyclopedia of Wit and Wisdom (Philadelphia: David McKay, 1897).
Henry W. Moeller, Shattering an American Myth: Unfurling the History of the Stars and Stripes (Mattituck, N.Y.: Ameron House, 1992).
James Michael Lindgren, Preserving the Old Dominion: Historic Preservation and Virginia Traditionalism (Virginia: The University Press of Virginia, 1993).
James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford University, 1988).
James T. Mitchell and Henry Flanders (Compilers), Statutes at Large of Pennsylvania, 1682-1801, Vol.4 (Harrisburg: C. E. Auginbauch, 1911).
Jane Duden, Betsy Ross (Minnesota: Capstone Press, 2001).
J. B. Jackson, Discovering the Vernacular Landscape (New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press, 1984).
J. Franklin Reigart, The History of the First United States Flag, and the Patriotism of Betsy Ross, the Immortal Heroine that Originated the First Flag of the Union (Harrisburg: Lane S. Hart, 1878).
Johannes F Spreen and Diane Holloway, Who Killed Detroit? : Other Cities Beware! (New York : iUniverse, 2005).
John Gallagher, Reimagining Detroit Opportunities for Redefining an American City (Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 2010).
Johnson, Allen and Malone, Dumas, eds., Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1931).
John Russell Young, Howard Malcolm Jenkins, George Overcash Seilhamer, Memorial History of the City of Philadelphia: Special and Biographical (New York: History Company, 1898).
John Henry Fow, The True Story of the American Flag (Philadelphia: J. Campbell, 1908).
John W. Jackson, The Pennsylvania Navy, 1775-1781: The Defense of the Delaware (NY: Rutgers University Press, 1974).
Joseph Hampton Moore, Reminiscences and Thrilling Stories of the War by Returned Heroes: Containing Vivid Accounts of Personal Experiences by Officers and Men (Chicago: Monroe Book Co., 1899).
J. R. Gillis ed, Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity (New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1994).
June Manning Thomas. Redevelopment and Race: Planning a Finer City in Postwar Detroit (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
June Purvis ed, Women's History: Britain, 1850-1945-An Introduction (New York: Routledge, 1995).
Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980).
Linenthal, E. T., A Joint and Precious Heritage: Gettysburg, Sacred Ground: Americans and Their Battlefields (Urbana: the University of Illinois, 1991).
Lonn Taylor, Jeffrey Brodie, Kathleen Kendrick, The Star-Spangled Banner: The Making of an American Icon (New York: Collins, 2008).
Louis A. Warren, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Declaration: A New Birth of Freedom (Fort Wayne: Lincoln National Life Foundation, 1964).
Marc Leepson, Nelson DeMille, Flag: an American Biography (London: Macmillan, 2006).
Marc Leepson, Flag: An American Biography (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2005).
Marla R. Miller, Betsy Ross and the Making of America (New York: Henry Holt, 2010).
Marla R. Miller, The Needle's Eye: Women and Work in the Age of Revolution (Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006).
Marvin Harris, The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture
(New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 2001).
Mary Roberts Coolidge, Chinese Immigration (New York, Arno Press1909).
Meinig, D.W. The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979).
Melinda Burns, “U.S. Revisits Its World Heritage Roots, Environment (March 28,
2009).
Michael Frisch, A Shared Authority: Essays on the Craft and Meaning of Oral and Public History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990).
Narasimhan P. Kannan, Kathy K. Rebibo, Donna L. Ellis, Downsizing Detroit: The Future of the US Automobile Industry (New York: Praeger, 1982).
Norman Tyler, Historic Preservation: An Introduction to Its History, Principles and Practices (New York: W.S. Norton and Company, 2000).
Park Staff, Management and Factors Affecting Site, United States World Heritage Periodic Reporting: Independence Hall (Washington: NPS, 2005).
Paul Hamilton, Historicism: The New Critical Idiom (United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2003).
Paul L. Roy, The Last Reunion of the Blue and Gray (Gettysburg: Bookmart, 1950).
Philip B. Kunhardt, A New Birth of Freedom: Lincoln at Gettysburg (Boston: Little, Brown, 1983).
Polly Welts Kaufman, National Parks and the Woman's Voice: A History (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996).
Quincy Chang, Andrew Cohen, etc., Chinatown: A Toolkit for Community
Empowerment (San Francisco: Chinese Progressive Association, 2006).
Ray Thompson, Betsy Ross: Last of Philadelphia's Free Quakers (Fort Washington, PA: Bicentennial Press, 1972).
Rebecca Yamin and Karen Bescherer Metheny ed., Landscape Archaeology: Reading and Interpreting the American Historical Landscape (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1996).
Robert Cornelius V. Meyers, Life and Adventures of Lewis Wetzel: the Renowned Virginia Rancher and Scout (IL: Keystone Publishing Co., 1890).
Robert E. Stipe and Antoinette J. Lee, The American Mosiac: Preserving A NationÕs Heritage (Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 1997).
Robert Perks and Alistair Thomson, The Oral History Reader (London: Routledge, 1998).
Robert Polidori, Thomas J. Sugrue, The Ruins of Detroit (Göttingen, Germany: Steidl, 2010).
Roy Rosenzweig and David Thelen, The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).
Runk, J.M. & Co, Biographical and Genealogical History of the State of Delaware, Vol.1 (PA: Runk, J.M. & Co, 1899).
Scott Ellsworth, Death in A Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982).
Sherna Berger Gluck and Daphne Patai, Women’s Words: The Feminist Practice of Oral History (N.Y.: Routledge, Chapman & Hall, 1991).
Stan Steiner, Fusang : The Chinese Who Built America (New York: Harper and Row,
1979).
Stuart Creighton Miller, The Unwelcome Immigrant: the American Image of the
Chinese (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1969).
Suzanne E. Smith, Dancing in the Street Motown and the Cultural Politics of Detroit (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999).
The Thomson Corporation, Peterson’s Graduate Schools in the U.S (New Jersey: The Thomson Corporation, 2007).
Thomas D. Bever, Economic Benefits of Historic Preservation, Reading in Historic Preservation: Why?What?How? (New Jersey: Center for Urban Policy Research, 1983).
Thomas J. Sugrue, Origins of the Urban Crisis Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).
Thomas Maitland Marshall, A History of the Western Boundary of the Louisiana
Purchase, 1819-1841 (Charleston/SC: Nabu Press, 2010).
Thomas Nelson Page, Mount Vernon and Its Preservation, 1858-1910 (N.Y.: The Knickerbocker press, 1910)
Thompson Westcott, The Historic Mansions and Buildings of Philadelphia: with Some Notice of Their Owners and Occupants (Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1877).
Tyler Dennett ed., Lincoln and the Civil War in the Diaries and Letters of John Hay (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1939).
W. Becker, Gettysburg National Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site (Washington DC: National Park Service, 1995).
Whitney Smith, Face to Face with Betsy Ross (Winchester, Mass.: Flags Research Center, 1975).
William E. Barton, Lincoln at Gettysburg (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1930).
William J. Murtagh, Keeping Time: The History and Theory of Preservation in America (New York: Sterling Publishing, 1990).
William M. Kelso and Rachel Most, Earth Patterns: Essays in Landscape Archaeology (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1990).
William Rea Furlong, Byron McCandless and Harold D. Langley, So Proudly We Hail: History of the United States Flag (Washington D.C.: Smithson Institution Press, 1981).
William Spohn Baker, Itinerary of General Washington from June 15, 1775, to December 23, 1783 (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1892).

(五)研究論文
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Chin-yu Chen, “The Gold Hunters: The Picture of Chinese Life in California Mining
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Elswyth Thane, “Mount Vernon Is Ours: the Story of Its Preservation, The Virginia
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Erin Tan, “Chinatowns in Singapore and San Francisco, Literature Review
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George Cotkin, “Middle-Ground Pragmatists: The Popularization of Philosophy in American Culture, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol.55, No.2 (1994).
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Grace King, “Mount Vernon on the Potomac: History of the Mount Vernon Ladies
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(六)報紙
History Today, August 5, 2002.
The Washington Post, July 5, 1992.
The Associated Press, May 1, 2006.
The Detroit News, October 13, 2014.
The New York Time, June 24, 1900.
The New York Time, December 37, 1970.
Washington Time, October 6, 2014.

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