保育價值與倫理學__臺灣人文及社會科學引文索引資料庫

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題名：	保育價值與倫理學
書刊名：	鵝湖學誌
作者：	Callicott,J. Baird／陳雅雲／黃惠敏／李育青／陳慈美
出版日期：	2000
卷期：	25
頁次：	頁145-187
主題關鍵詞：	環境倫理學；生物多樣性；保育生物學；人類中心主義；生物中心主義；生態中心主義；大地倫理；Environmental ethics；Biodiversity；Conservation biology；Anthropocentrism；Biocentrism；Ecocentrism；Land ethic
原始連結：	連回原系統網址
相關次數：	被引用次數:期刊(3) 博士論文(2) 專書(1) 專書論文(0) 排除自我引用:3 共同引用:0 點閱:31

　　　　　保育生物學是受到生物多樣價值的推動而產生的。但是，為什麼我們要看重生物多樣性呢？哲學家將兩種價值作出區分:工具性價值和內在性價值。生物多樣性的工具性價值包括:商品(如:實際或潛在的食物、醫藥、纖維和燃料等)；服務(如:授粉、養分循環、提供氧氣)；資訊(如:實際的科學知識、基因庫);以及心理──靈性的滿足(如:自然之美、宗教上的敬畏、純理論的科學知識)等方面，提供給本身具內在價值的人類使用。生物多樣性也具有內在價值──它本身就是具有目的，同時又是達到人類福祉的手段。其他形態的生命與我們一樣，都是自我組織的存有且具有本身的善。人類能夠為其他生命本身的緣故而看重它們，同時也為了它們所提供給我們的一切服務。為了要把生物多樣性的價值與其他東西的價值作比較，經濟家嘗試將生物多樣性的工具性價值和內在價值貨幣化。哲學家也以生物多樣性的價值為基礎來建構保育倫理學。如果生物多樣性對人類只具有工具性價值，一個人為了追求私利而破壞它，可能會對其他人造成傷害──在這種情況下，破壞生物多樣性是不道德的。假如生物多樣性還具有內在價值，它的被破壞就加倍的不道德了。聖經承經非人類物種的內在價值，(上帝宣告它們是「好的」)。因此，當代的猶太教和基督教的神學家建立起猶太──基督教管家的保育理學。其他許多各種宗教也都根據他們各自的經典和信仰傳統，建立起不同的保育倫理學。李奧波的大地倫理並不是以任何宗教信仰為基礎，而是建立在當代的進化與生態生物學之上。從演化的觀點來看，人類與其他生物具有親裔的關係;從生態學的觀點看，人類只是「生物社群」中一個「普通的成員和市民」而已。根據李奧波的看法，從這些一般性的科學事實，產生出對「演化旅程中的同行的旅行伙伴」、「生物社群中的成員伙伴」、以及「社群本身」等的倫理義務。雖然現代的生態學承認大自然的改變和干擾是正常的，如果我們把李奧波的大地倫理根據這種科學上新的亮光作出修正，它仍然會是保育生物學中指導性的環境倫理學的。

以文找文

　　　　　Conservation biology is driven by the value of biodiversity. But why should people value biodiversity? Philosophers have distinguished two basic types of value, instrumental and intrinsic. Biodiversity is instrumentally valuable for the goods (e.g., actual and potential food, medicine, fiber, and fuel), services (e.g., pollination, nutrient recycling, oxygen production), information (e.g., practical scientific knowledge, a genetic library), and psycho-spiritual satisfaction (e.g., natural beauty, religious awe, pure scientific knowledge) that it provides for intrinsically valuable human beings. Biodiversity may also be intrinsically valuable-valuable, that is, as an end in itself, as well as a means to human well-being. Like ourselves, other forms of life are self-organizing beings with goods of their own. And we human beings are capable of valuing other beings for their own sakes, as well as for what they do for us. It order to compare its value with the value of other things, economists have attempted to monetize both the instrumental and intrinsic value of biodiversity. Philosophers have also based conservation ethics on the value biodiversity. If biodiversity is only instrumentally valuable to human beings, its destruction by one person in pursuit of personal gain may be harmful to another person－in which case the destruction of biodiversity may be immoral. If biodiversity also has intrinsic value, its destruction may be doubly immoral. The Bible recognizes the intrinsic value of nonhuman species (God declared them to be "good"). Accordingly, contemporary Jewish and Christian theologians have formulated a Judeo-Christian Stewardship Conservation Ethics. Many other world religions are also developing distinct conservation ethics based on their scriptures and traditions. The Aldo Leopold Land Ethic is not based on any religion, but on contemporary evolutionary and ecological biology. From an evolutionary perspective, human beings are kin to all other forms of life, and from an ecological perspective, human beings are "plain members and citizens" of the "biotic community." According to Leopold, these general scientific facts generate ethical obligations to our "fellow voyagers in the odyssey of evolutions," to "fellow-members of the biotic community," and so that "community as such." Though ecology now acknowledges the normalcy of change and disturbance in nature, the Leopold Land Ethic, appropriately revised in the light of these recent developments in science, remains the guiding environmental ethic for conservation biology.

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期刊論文
1.	Baker, B.(1996)。A reverent approach to the natural world。BioScience，46，475-478。
2.	Bishop, R. C.(1978)。Endangered species and uncertainty: The economics of a safe minimum standard。American Journal of Agricultural Economics，60，10-18。
3.	Clark, C. W.(1973)。Profit maximization and the extinction of animal species。J. Polit. Econ.，81，950-961。
4.	Ehrenfeld, D. W.(1976)。The conservation of non-resources。Am. Sci.，64，660-668。
5.	Fox, W.(1993)。What does the recognition of intrinsic value entail?。Trumpeter，10，101。
6.	Gaston, K. J.(1991)。The magnitude of global insect species richness。Conserv. Biol.，5，283-296。
7.	Goodpaster, K. E.(1978)。On being morally considerable。J. Philos.，75，308-325。
8.	Holling, C. S.、Meffe, Gary K.(1996)。Command and control and the pathology of natural resource management。Conservation Biology，10(2)，328-337。
9.	Meadows, D. H.(1990)。Biodiversity: The key to saving life on earth。Land Stewardship Letter，1990 (Summer)，4-5。
10.	Myers, N.(1981)。A farewell to Africa。Internat. Wildl.，11，36+40+44+46。
11.	Sagoff, M.(1980)。On the preservation of species。Columbia J. Environ. Law，7，33-76。
12.	Soule, M. E.(1985)。What is conservation biology?。Bioscience，35，727-734。
13.	Vietmeyer, N.(1986)。Exotic edibles are altering America's diet and agriculture。Smithsonian，16(9)，34-43。
14.	Vietmeyer, N.(1986)。Lesser-known plants of potential use in agriculture and forestry。Science，232，1379-1384。
15.	Wallace, A. R.(1863)。On the physical geology of the Malay archipelago。J. R. Geogr. Soc.，33，217-234。
16.	Wilson, E. O.(1985)。Time to revive systematics。Science，230，1227。
17.	White, Lynn Jr.(1967)。The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis。Science，155(3767)，1203-1207。
18.	Hardin, Garrett(1968)。The tragedy of the commons。Science，162(3859)，1243-1248。

會議論文
1.	Chappel, C.(1990)。Contemporary Jaina and Hindu responses to the ecological crisis。the 1990 meeting of the College Theological Society,。New Orleans：Loyola University。

圖書
1.	Botkin, D. B.(1990)。Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the Twenty-First Century。New York：Oxford University Press。
2.	Buchmann, S. L.、Nabhan, G. P.(1996)。The Forgotten Pollinators。Washington, D. C：Island Press。
3.	Callicott J. B.(1994)。Earth Insights. A Multicultural Survey of Ecological Wisdom。University of California Press, Berkeley。
4.	Darwin, C, R.(1904)。The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex。New York：J. A. Hill and Company。
5.	Fox, W.(1990)。Toward a Transpersonal Ecology: Developing New Foundations for Environmentalism。Boston：Shambala。
6.	Guha, R.(1989)。The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Himalaya。Berkeley：University of California Press。
7.	Johnson, Lawrence E.(1991)。A Morally Deep World, An Essay on Moral Significance and Environmental Ethics。Cambridge University Press。
8.	Kadr, A. R. A. B.、Sabbagh, A. L. T. E. S. A.、Glenid, M. A. S. A.、Izzidien , M. Y. S.(1983)。Islamic Principles for the Conservation of the Natural Environment。Gland, Switzerland.：International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Nature Resources。
9.	Kant, Immanuel、Beck, Lewis White(1959)。Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals。New York：Library of Liberal Arts。
10.	Leopold, A.(1953)。Round River. From the journals of Aldo Leopold。New York：Oxford University Press。
11.	Lovelock, J.(1988)。The Ages of Gaia. A Biography of Our Living Earth。Norton, New York：W. W. Norton。
12.	Myers, N.(1983)。A Wealth of Wild Species。Boulder, CO：Westview Press。
13.	Naess, Arne(1989)。Ecology, Community, and Lifestyle。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。
14.	Norton, B. G.(1987)。Why Preserve Natural Variety?。Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press。
15.	Norton, B. G.(1991)。Toward Unity among Environmentalists。New York：Oxford University Press。
16.	Odum, Eugene P.(1953)。Fundamentals of Ecology。Philadelphia, PA：W. B. Saunders。
17.	Peterson, G. L.、Randall, A.(1984)。Valuation of Wild-land Benefits。Boulder, CO：Westview Press。
18.	Pickett, S. T. A.、White, P. S.(1985)。The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics。San Diego, CA：Academic Press。
19.	Raven, P.、Norgaard, R.、Padoch, C.、Panayotou, T.、Randall, A.、Robinson, M.、Rodman, J.(1992)。Conserving Biodiversity: A Research Agenda for Development Agencies。Washington, D. C：National Academy Press。
20.	Rolston, H.(1988)。Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World。Philadelphia, PA：University Press。
21.	Sagoff, M.(1988)。The Economy of the Earth: Philosophy, Law, and the Environment。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press, Cambridge。
22.	Singer, P.(1975)。Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals。New York：The New York Review。
23.	Warnock, G. J.(1971)。The Object of Morality。London：Methuen and Co Ltd,。
24.	Wilson, E. O.(1984)。Biophilia。Cambridge, MA：Harvard University Press。
25.	Callicott, J. Baird(1989)。In Defense of the Land Ethic: Essays in Environmental Philosophy。State University of New York Press。
26.	Regan, Tom(1983)。The Case for Animal Rights。University of California Press。
27.	Shiva, V.(1989)。Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Development。London：Zed Books。
28.	Taylor, Paul W.(1989)。Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics。Princeton。
29.	Leopold, Aldo(1949)。A sand county almanac and sketches here and there。Oxford University Press。

圖書論文
1.	Aiken, W.(1984)。Ethical issues in agriculture。Earthbound: New Introductory Essays in Environmental Ethics。New York：Random House。
2.	Ames, R. T.(1992)。Taoist ethics。Encyclopedia of Ethics。New York：Garland Press。
3.	Brubaker, L. B.(1988)。Vegetation history and anticipating future vegetation change。Ecosystem Management for Parks and Wilderness。Seattle：University of Washington Press。
4.	Callicott, J. B.(1986)。On the intrinsic value of nonhuman species。The Preservation of Species: The Value of Biological Diversity。Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press。
5.	Callicott, J. Baird(1987)。The conceptual foundations of the land ethic。Companion to A Sand County Almanac: Interpretive and Critical Essays。Madison：University of Wisconsin Press, Madison。
6.	Davies, S.(1987)。Tree of Life: Buddhism and Protection of Nature。Buddhist Perception of Nature Project。Hong Kong。
7.	Ehrenfeld, D. W.(1988)。Why put a value on biodiversity?。Biodiversity。Washington, D.C：National Academy Press。
8.	Erwin, T, L.(1988)。The tropical forest canopy: The heart of biotic diversity。Biodiversity。Washington, D.C：National Academy Press。
9.	Farnsworth, N. R.(1988)。Screening plants for new medicines。Biodiversity。Washington, D.C：National Academy Press。
10.	Forcan, P.(1979)。A world order for whales。Project Interspeak。Center, Portland, OR：Graphic Arts CenterArts。
11.	Hanemann, W. M.(1988)。Economics and the preservation of biodiversity。Biodiversity。Washington, D.C：National Academy Press。
12.	Meine, C.(1992)。Conservation biology and sustainable societies。After Earth Day. Continuing the Conservation Effort。Denton, TX：University of North Texas Press。
13.	Pickett, S. T. A.、Ostfeld, R. S.(1995)。The shifting paradigm in ecology。A New Century for Natural Resources Management。Washington, D.C：Island Press。
14.	Plotkin, M. J.(1988)。The outlook for new agricultural and industrial products from the tropics。Biodiversity。Washington, D.C：National Academy Press。
15.	Randall, A.(1986)。Human preferences. economics, and the preservation of species。The Preservation of Species: The Value of Biological Diversity。Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press。
16.	Randall, A.(1988)。What mainstream economists have to say about the value of biodiversity。Biodiversity。Washington, D.C：National Academy Press。
17.	Raven, P. H.(1988)。Our diminishing tropical forests。Biodiversity。Washington, D. C：National Academy Press。

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