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來源文獻資料
摘要
外文摘要
引文資料
題名:
探討因應醫藥品專利之合理措施
書刊名:
國立中正大學法學集刊
作者:
陳文吟
作者(外文):
Chen, Wen-yin
出版日期:
2002
卷期:
8
頁次:
頁67-112
主題關鍵詞:
醫藥品專利
;
強制授權
;
特許實施
;
真品平行輸入
;
抑價措施
;
價格區分制
;
市場區隔
;
專利權濫用
;
耗盡原則
;
Pharmaceutical patents
;
Compulsory licensing
;
Parallel imports
;
Price control
;
Tiered pricing
;
Market segment
;
Patent misuse
;
Exhaustion doctrine
原始連結:
連回原系統網址
相關次數:
被引用次數:期刊(
7
) 博士論文(
1
) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
排除自我引用:
6
共同引用:
53
點閱:21
基於鼓勵保護發明及國民健康福祉,賦予醫藥品專利不失為正確的政策,然而,在賦予專利的同時,應一併考量其負面影響,並宜審慎處理。 美國藥廠與南非的醫藥專利爭議,可顯高收入的已開發國家與低收入的開發中或低度開發國家間對醫藥品專利的對立立場。我國以已開發國家成為WTO的一員,已開發國家的立場固足供我國借鏡;然曲諸我國核准的醫藥品專利案件係以外國業者居多,開發中國家維護國民健康的經驗以及國際間對低度開發國家的建議,亦足以為我國面臨類似問題的參考。 真品平行輸入增加國內市場上的競爭,強制授權平緩供不應求的窘境,亦可增加市場上的競爭;二者均可達到平穩藥價的效果。惟,低收入開發中國家如何尋得低價來源俾進品藥品,恐為其能否順利採行真品平行輸入的首要關鍵。強制授權的先決條件為其本國業者有製藥能力,此為工業落後國家的另一難題。抑價措施雖為多國所採行,對低收入開發中國家(包括低度開發國)卻未必適宜,因其可能導致藥廠退出其市場;反之,價格區分制的合理優惠價格以及市場區隔,兼顧患者及藥廠權益。論者建議採行價格區分制輔以國際經濟授助,當可更有效地解決低收入開發中國家的醫藥問題。 以美國為首的已開發國家,亦有面臨藥價過高之虞。美國雖極力反對專利強制授權,惟,揆諸其立法暨司法實務,其廣泛運用強制授權俾達到公共利益的立場,可謂係主要工業國家之最,當則足以解決藥價過高及供應不足的問題。美國為確保專利權人之權益,禁止真品平行輸入,更為鼓勵藥廠的研發而未採行抑價措施。是以,美國僅得藉由強制授權暨市場的們自由競爭,達到平穩藥價的目的。 我國採行抑價措施,處方藥價較為合理;倘藥品供不應求、或藥價在抑價措施下,仍超乎大多數民眾之經濟能力者,強制授權(特許實施)及國際耗盡原則當足以發揮其足量供應及平抑價格的功能。 無論任一國家決定採行增進藥品供應及平穩藥價的措施時,宜權衡其國內容觀環境暨前揭各制度之利弊,採行最適度的措施。
以文找文
It has been well established that to provide patent protection for pharmaceuticals is the best way to promote innovations and public health & welfare. However, for the past decades, AIDS disease brought us to reconsider the potential problem (or we should say real problem) arose from pharmaceutical patents, especially the dispute between South Africa and the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. It’s nor right to delete pharmaceuticals from the list of patentable subject matter, what we should do is to figure out the proper measures to solve the problems it brought (or will bring). Compulsory licensing and parallel imports, price control and tiered pricing are considered to be reasonable measures to prevent patent misuse, and, to protect public welfare as well. But, not all of them are good to each country of the world. For instance, to those less/least developed countries, compulsory licensing isn’t fit for them due t their lacing of manufacturing capacity; parallel imports is not a good measure to them either, because there is no place to find where the drug price is lower than that in their own countries. So do the price control raise some problem. Tiered pricing and international financial assistance shall be the only and proper measure for less/least developed countries to solve their pharmaceutical problem. To those developed countries and the top level of developing countries, including our own, the measures mentioned may be proper except tiered pricing which is deemed to be applied to the less/least developed countries. In sum, when a country decides to take some measure to protect public health, it shall consider the advantage as well as disadvantage or risk so as to make a right decision.
以文找文
期刊論文
1.
Bifani, Paolo(1989)。Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade Uruguay Round。PAPERS Selected Issues,129+174-176。
2.
陳文吟(19961000)。論專利法上醫藥品專利權期間之延長--以美國法為主。華岡法粹,24,171-218。
延伸查詢
3.
Eisenberg, Rebecca S.(1989)。Patents and the Progress of Science: Exclusive Rights and Experimental Use。The University of Chicago Law Review,56(3),1017-1086。
4.
(2001)。New Bill Will Extend 100 Drug Patents, Consumer Group Says。Intell. Prop. Litig. Rep.,8,17。
5.
(2001)。south africa settles patent dispute with drug industry。AIDS Litig. Rep.,14,6。
6.
(2001)。South Africa's moral victory。The Lancet,357,1303。
7.
Adelman, Mirtin、Baldia, Sonia(1996)。Impact of the TRIPs Agreement on Specific Discipline Patentable Inventions: Prospects and Limits of the Patent Provision in the TRIPs Agreement: The Case of India。Vand. J, Transnat'l L.,29,507。
8.
Atkinson, Mary(2002)。Patent Protection for Pharmaceuticals: A Comparative Study of the Law in the United States and Canada。Pac. Rim L. & Pol'y,11,181。
9.
Barfield, Claude、Groombridge, Mark(1999)。Parallel Trade in the Pharmaceutical Industry : Implication for Innovation, Consumer Welfare and Health Policy。Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L. J.,10,185。
10.
Griffin, Mary(1991)。AIDS drugs & the pharmaceutical industry: a need for reform。Am. J. L. & Med.,17,363。
11.
Harrelson, John(2001)。TRIPs, Pharmaceutical Patents, and HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding The Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion。Wid. L. Symp. J.,7,175+195。
12.
Kolker, Carlyn(200202)。Doing the Doha Shuffle-At a WTO meeting, nations agreed。The American Lawyer。
13.
Miao, Emily(20000724)。TRIPs Agreement Impacts Pharmaceutical Sector: Not All Members, Especially Developing Nations Feel the Benefits of Increased Trade。Nat'l L. J.。
14.
Stanton, Jerry(2000)。Lesson for the united states from foreign price controls on pharmaceuticals。Conn. J. Int'l L.,16,149。
15.
Sherwood, Robert(1997)。The TRIPs agreement: implications for developing countries。IDEA,37,491。
16.
Slind-Flor, Victoria(20000110)。Doctor's Group Urges Ip Change: AIDS-Devastated Nations Deprived of Drugs by Patent Law。Nat'l L. J.,B7。
17.
Banta, David(20011205)。Public Health Triumphs at WTO Conference。JAMA,286(1)。
研究報告
1.
Barton, John(200107)。Differentiated Pricing of Patented Products。
2.
Correa, Carlos(1999)。Intellectual Property Rights and the Use of Compulsory Licenses: Options for Developing Countries。
3.
Correa, Carlos(200111)。Patent Law, TRIPs and R&D Incentives: A Southern Perspective。
4.
Danzon, Patricia(200112)。Differential pricing for pharmaceuticals: reconciling access, R&D and patents。
5.
Lanjouw, Jean(200105)。A Proposal to Use Patent Law to Lower Drug Prices in Developing Countries。
6.
Scherer, Mike、Watal, Jayashree(200106)。Post-Trips Options for Access to Patented Medicines in Developing Countries。
7.
WTO(20011120)。Ministerial Declaration。
圖書
1.
Adelman, Martin、Rader, Randall、Thomas, John、Wegner, Harold(1998)。Patent Law。
2.
Blakeney, M.(1996)。Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights: A Concise Guide to the TRIPs Agreement。London:Sweet & Maxwell。
3.
陳文吟(200102)。我國專利制度之研究。
延伸查詢
4.
Gadbaw, R. Michael、Richards, Timothy J.(1988)。Intellectual Property Rights: Global Consensus, Global Conflict?。Westview Press Inc。
單篇論文
1.
World Trade Organization(20011120)。Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health,http://www.wto.org/English/thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindecl_trips_e.htm,(WTO Doc. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/2)。
其他
1.
Int'l Intellectual Prop. Inst.。HIV/AIDS Pilot Project: To Deliver Patented Therapies & Other Treatments to Patients in Developing Countries,http://www.iipi.org/eng/projects/aids.asp, 2002/04/07。
2.
(19990810)。Prescription Drug Pricing in the 7th Congressional District of Maryland: An International Price Comparison,http://www.house.gov/cummings/pdf/intl.pdf, 2002/05/07。
3.
(19981101)。Prescription Drug Pricing in Vermont: An International Price Comparison,http://bemie.house.gov/presciiptions/intemational.asp, 2002/05/19。
4.
(20000613)。U.S. Chamber Letter to Senate Committee Warns Against Price Controls on Prescription Drugs,http://www.uschambercom/Press+Room/2000/00-086.htm, 2002/05/27。
5.
World Health Organization,World Trade Organization Secretariats(20010408)。Report of the Workshop on Differential Pricing and Financing of Essential Drugs,http://www.wto.org/english/tratopj2/txips_e/hosbjor_report_e.doc, 2002/05/14。
6.
Health Care in the Developing World,http://world.phama.org/faq.html, 2002/04/15。
7.
(20000426)。PhRMA Opposes Gorton Price Control Bill,http://www.phrnia.org/press/newsreleases/2000-4-26.17.phtml, 2002/05/27。
8.
Cohen, Mike(20011006)。Report Estimates AIDS Could Kill up to Million South Africans by 2010,http://www.aegis.org/news/ap/2001/ap011011.html, 2002/04/13。
9.
Correa, Carlos(2000)。Integrating Public Health Concerns into Patent Legislation in Developing Countries,http://www-southcentre.org./publications/publichealth/publichealth.pdf, 2002/04/15。
10.
Denny, Charlottee(20010419)。How patients come second to patents in the drug industry,http://www,theage_com,aü/news/2001/04/19/ FFXLH6UYNLC. html, 2002/05/07。
11.
Duckett, Margaret(199907)。Compulsory Licensing and Parallel Importing: What do they mean? Will they improve access to essential drugs for people living with HIV/AIDS?,http://www.icaso.org/docs/compulsoryenglish.htm, 2002/04/15。
12.
Vick, Karl(19991204)。African AIDS Victims Losers of Drug War: U.S. Policy Keeps Prices Prohibitive。
13.
Schoonveld, Ed。Market Segmentation and International Price Referencing,http://www.who.int/medicines/libraiy/cdm-general/who-wto-hosbjor/18Scho onveld.doc, 2002/05/07。
14.
Watal, Jayashree。Workshop on Differential Pricing and Financing of Essential Drugs16, Background Note,http://www.wto.org/ English/tratop_e/trips_e/wto_background_e.doc, 2002/05/19。
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